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systems for automotive propulsion applications, and are targeting the ability to use transportation fuels for PEFC systems. Relatively few developers of SOFC technology have paid attention to non-stationary markets. All are focused on small-to medium-sized distributed generation and on-site generation markets. Only Global Thermoelectric (Calgary, Canada) has been active in the application of its technology to APUs. A detailed conceptual design and cost estimate of a 5-kW SOFC-based truck APU concluded that, provided continued improvement in several technology areas, planar SOFCs could ultimately become a realistic option for this mass-market application. System Configuration and Technology Issues Based on system requirements discussed above, fuel cell APUs will consist of a fuel processor, a stack system and the balance of plant. Figure 1-11 lists the components required in SOFC and PEFC systems. The components needed in a PEFC system for APU applications are similar to those needed in residential power. The main issue for components of PEFC systems is to minimize or eliminate the use of external supplied water. For both PEFC and SOFC systems, start-up batteries (either existing or dedicated units) will be needed, since external electric power is not available. Detailed cost and design studies for both PEFC and SOFC systems at sizes ranging from 5kW to 1 MW point to the fundamental differences between PEFC and SOFC technology that impact the system design and, by implication, the cost structure. These differences will be discussed in the following paragraphs. The main components in a SOFC APU are the fuel cell stack, the fuel processor, and the thermal management system. In addition, there are several balance of plant components, which are listed in Figure 11. The relatively simple reformer design is possible because the SOFC stack operates at high temperatures (around 800°C) and is capable of both carbon monoxide and certain hydrocarbons as fuel. Since both the anode and cathode exhaust at temperatures of 600-850°C, high temperature recuperators are required to maintain system efficiency. A recuperator consists of expensive materials (high temperature reducing and oxidizing atmosphere), making it an expensive component in the system. However, if hydrocarbons are converted inside the stack, this leads to a less exothermic overall reaction so that the stack cooling requirements are reduced. Further system simplification would occur if a sulfur-free fuel was used or if the fuel cell were sulfur tolerant; in that case, the fuel could be provided directly from the reformer to the fuel cell. In order to minimize system volume, (and minimize the associated system weight and start-up time) integration of the system components is a key design issue. By recycling the entire anode tailgas to provide steam, a water management system can be avoided, though a hot gas recirculation system is required. 1-27PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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