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Figure 2-7 presents the most important trade-off in choice of the operating point. It would seem logical to design the cell to operate at the maximum power density that peaks at a higher current density (right of the figure). However, operation at the higher power densities will mean operation at lower cell voltages or lower cell efficiency. Setting operation near the peak power density can cause instability in control because the system will have a tendency to oscillate between higher and lower current densities around the peak. It is usual practice to operate the cell to the left side of the power density peak and at a point that yields a compromise between low operating cost (high cell efficiency that occurs at high voltage/low current density) and low capital cost (less cell area that occurs at low voltage/high current density). In reality, the precise choice of the operating point depends on complex system trade-offs, usually aided by system studies that allow the designer to take into account effects of operating voltage and current density on parasitic power consumption, sizing of balance of plant components, heat rejection requirements, and other system design considerations. 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 0 100 200 300 400 400 300 200 100 0 500 600 Current Density, mA/cm2 Figure 2-7 Voltage/Power Relationship It is interesting to observe that the resulting characteristic provides the fuel cell with a benefit that is unique among other energy conversion technologies: the fuel cell efficiency increases at part load conditions.3 Even though other components within the fuel cell system operate at lower component efficiencies as the system's load is reduced, the combination of increased fuel cell efficiency and lower supporting component efficiencies can result in a rather flat trace of total system efficiency as the load is reduced. This is in contrast with many heat engine-based energy conversion technologies that typically experience a significant drop-off in efficiency at part-load. This gives the fuel cell system a fuel cost advantage for applications where a significant amount of part-load operation is required. 3. Constraints can limit the degree of part load operation of a fuel cell. For example, a PAFC is limited to operation below approximately 0.85 volts because of entering into a corrosion region. 2-19 Cell Voltage, volts Power Density, mW/cm2PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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