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configurations, including automotive, space-based, and stationary power systems. A library of models for subcomponents and physical property tables is available, and users can add empirical models of subcomponents as needed. Four different types of fuel cell models are included: polymer electrolyte, molten carbonate, phosphoric acid, and solid oxide. Other process equipment models include heat exchangers, reactors (including reformers), and vehicle systems. The physical property models include multiphase chemical equilibrium. Mathematical utilities include a nonlinear equation solver, a constrained nonlinear optimizer, an integrator, and an ordinary differential equation solver. GCTool has been used to analyze a variety of PEFC systems using different fuels, fuel storage methods, and fuel processing techniques. Examples include compressed hydrogen, metal hydride, glass microsphere, and sponge-iron hydrogen storage systems. Fuel processing alternatives have included reformers for methanol, natural gas, and gasoline using either partial oxidation or steam reforming. Researchers have examined atmospheric and pressurized PEFC automotive systems. These analyses included the identification of key constraints and operational analysis for off-design operation, system dynamic and transient performance, and the effects of operation at extreme temperatures. 2.7.4 3-DCell/StackModels Fuel cell stack models are used to evaluate different cell and stack geometries and to help understand the impact of stack operating conditions on fuel cell stack performance. Given the wide range of possible stack geometries and the wide range of operating parameters that influence stack operation, optimization of stack design under specific application requirements is difficult without the help of a model that represents the key physico-chemical characteristics of stacks. A number of three-dimensional stack models has been developed for this purpose. In all of these models, the stack geometry is discretized into finite elements, or volumes, that can be assigned the properties of the various stack components and sub-components. At a minimum, the models must represent electrochemical reactions, ionic and electronic conduction, and heat and mass transfer within the cell. As with system models, most of these models rely on existing modeling platforms although in the case of stack models, an advanced 3-D modeling platform is generally required. • Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFC) – based Fuel Cell Codes. These are based on commercial CFD codes (e.g. StarCD, Fluent, AEA Technologies’ CFX) that have been augmented to represent electrochemical reactions and electronic and ionic conduction. In many cases, refinements in the treatment of catalytic chemical reactions and flow through porous media are also incorporated to represent various electrode processes. In addition to evaluating basic fuel cell performance (current density, temperature and species concentration profiles) these models can help understand the impact of different manifolding arrangements. • Computational Structural Analysis – based codes. These are based on publicly or commercially available 3-dimensional structural analysis codes (e.g. ANSYS, Nastran, Abacus). Typically, these must be augmented to represent ionic conduction, fluid flow, and electrochemical and chemical reactions. While these codes do not provide as much insight 2-29PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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