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into the impact of complex flows as the CFD-based codes, they are usually more efficient (run faster) than CFD-based codes and can be used to assess mechanical stresses in the stack; a key issue in some of the high-temperature fuel cell technologies. Because many of the basic elements describing the core cell performance in all of these approaches is similar, approaches developed for one type of stack model can be ported to another. Below the approach taken by NETL and Fluent is described, which is similar to the approach taken for PEFC cells developed by Arthur D. Little (17), which also applied that approach to SOFC using a structural code (ABACUS (18, 19)). Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has developed several 3-D stack models based on a CFD code (StarCD) and structural codes (MARC). In Europe, Forschungs-Zentrum Julich has developed its own 3-D codes. These models have been applied to a range of cell geometries, though in recent years the focus has been on planar cells. NETL's 3-D Analysis The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) developed a 3-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to allow stack developers to reduce time-consuming build-and-test efforts. As opposed to systems models, 3-dimensional CFD models can address critical issues such as temperature profiles and fuel utilization; important considerations in fuel cell development. CFD analysis computes local fluid velocity, pressure, and temperature throughout the region of interest for problems with complex geometries and boundary conditions. By coupling the CFD- predicted fluid flow behavior with the electrochemistry and accompanying thermodynamics, detailed predictions are possible. Improved knowledge of temperature and flow conditions at all points in the fuel cell lead to improved design and performance of the unit. In this code, a 1-dimensional electrochemical element is defined, which represents a finite volume of active unit cell. This 1-D sub-model can be validated with appropriate single-cell data and established 1-D codes. This 1-D element is then used in FLUENT, a commercially available product, to carry out 3-D similations of realistic fuel cell geometries. One configuration studied was a single tubular solid oxide fuel cell (TSOFC) including a support tube on the cathode side of the cell. Six chemical species were tracked in the simulation: H2, CO2, CO, O2, H2O, and N2. Fluid dynamics, heat transfer, electrochemistry, and the potential field in electrode and interconnect regions were all simulated. Voltage losses due to chemical kinetics, ohmic conduction, and diffusion were accounted for in the model. Because of a lack of accurate and detailed in situ characterization of the SOFC modeled, a direct validation of the model results was not possible. However, the results are consistent with input-output observations on experimental cells of this type. 2-30PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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