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together. From a numerical perspective, one or more resistor networks are added to the continuum model. • Local current density distribution approach. A refinement on the multi-particle approach, this approach considers that current-densities are not necessarily homogeneous within the particles, which can strongly impact electrode resistances. Often this approach is executed using a finite element method. • Micro-kinetics approach. In this approach, the individual reaction steps at or near the TPB are considered. Although analytical solutions (in Buttler-Volmer form) can be found if a single rate-determining step is considered, generally a numerical solution is necessary for multi-step reactions. This approach can be embedded in the multi-particle or local-current density approaches, or directly used in a 1-D model with simpler assumptions for the transport phenomena. This is the only approach that can give insight into the rate- determining electrochemical processes that take place in the cell. When optimizing electro- catalysts or studying direct oxidation of hydrocarbons, this type of model can be very enlightening. Figure 2-12 Overview of types of electrode models (9) 2.8 References 1 M.W. Chase, et al., “JANAF Thermochemical Tables,” Third Edition, American Chemical Society and the American Institute of Physics for the National Bureau of Standards (now National Institute of Standards and Technology), 1985. 2 P.W. Atkins, “Physical Chemistry,” 3rd Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, NY, 1986. 3 “Fuel Cell Handbook,” J. Appleby and F. Foulkes, Texas A&M University, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York (out of print), republished by Krieger Publishing Co., Melbourne, FL, 1989. 2-33PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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