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applications are nearing an acceptable cost for commercial markets. Operation of PEFC membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) and single cells under laboratory conditions similar to transportation or stationary applications have operated for over 20,000 hrs continuously with degradation rates of 4 to 6 μV/hr (or about 0.67 to 1.0 percent per 1000 hrs), which approaches the degradation rates needed for stationary applications (about 0.1 percent per 1000 hrs is used as a rule of thumb). Complete fuel cell systems have been demonstrated for a number of transportation applications including public transit buses and passenger automobiles. For stationary applications, a number of demonstration systems have been developed and numerous systems have been installed, mostly in the 2 to 10 kW range. However, although these systems have collectively logged millions of kWhrs (3), developers have not yet demonstrated system or stack life of more than 8,000 hours with realistic catalyst loadings and realistic operating conditions, and then with degradation rates of several percent per 1000 hrs. Consequently, PEFC developers and researchers are focused on achieving critical improvements in extending stack life, simpler system integration, and reduction of system cost. This is true both for stationary and mobile applications. Manufacturing details of Plug Power’s cell and stack design are proprietary, but the literature provides some information on the cell and stack design. Example schematics for the cross- section and a current collecting plate are shown in Figure 3-2 (4, 5). An approach for sealing the cell with flat gaskets is shown (Label 402) but there are many alternatives with gaskets and plates having different shapes and grooves, respectively. The plate shows the flow path for one of the reactants from the inlet to the outlet manifold. The other side of the plate (not shown) would have channels either for coolant flow or the other reactant. Figure 3-2 PEFC Schematic (4, 5) The standard electrolyte material in PEFCs belongs to the fully fluorinated Teflon®-based family similar to that produced by E.I. DuPont de Nemours for space application in the mid-1960s. The membrane is characterized by its equivalent weight (inversely proportional to the ion exchange capacity). A typical equivalent weight range is 800 to 1100 milliequivalents per dry gram of polymer. The type used most often in the past was a melt-extruded membrane manufactured by DuPont and sold under the label Nafion® No. 117. The perfluorosulfonic acid family of 3-3PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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