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The catalyst is platinum-based for both the anode and cathode. To promote hydrogen oxidation, the anode uses either pure platinum metal catalyst or, as is common in most modern PEFC catalysts, a supported platinum catalyst, typically on carbon or graphite for pure hydrogen feed streams. For other fuels, such as reformate (containing H2, CO2, CO, and N2), the desired catalyst is an alloy of platinum containing ruthenium. Oxygen reduction at the cathode may use either the platinum metal or the supported catalyst. Because of the the expense of the platinum catalyst, there have been numerous efforts to minimize the use of platinum in the catalyst layer. The platinum particle size has been extensively optimized, and general agreement is that a ~3.5 nm particle size on suitable carbon support is close to optimal: the activity per unit mass of platinum is near optimal under these conditions. In parallel, there have been numerous efforts to substitute other materials for platinum. Most of these attempts focused either on gold or on platinum alloys (usually with transition metals). So far, these efforts have not demonstrated a decisive cost advantage over pure platinum catalysts. Typically, electrodes can be cast as thin films and transferred to the membrane or applied directly to the membrane. Alternatively, the catalyst-electrode layer may be deposited onto the gas diffusion layer (GDL), then bonded to the membrane. Low platinum loading electrodes (≤ 1.0 mg Pt/cm2 total on the anode and the cathode) are regularly used, and have performed as well as earlier, higher platinum loading electrodes (2.0 to 4.0 mg Pt/cm2). These electrodes, which have been produced using a high-volume manufacturing process, have achieved nearly 600 mA/cm2 at 0.7 V on reformate. A number of companies globally are developing such electrodes. An example of electrode performance is shown in Figure 3-3. The figure depicts the performance of a standard 100 cm2 7-layer membrane electrode assembly (MEA) manufactured by the 3M Corporation operating on hydrogen and reformate at 70 °C (12). Recent advances in MEA performance and durability have led to tests with reformate in excess of 10,000 hours with the 3M 7-layer MEA. This MEA is produced using high-speed, continuous, automated assembly equipment. 3-6PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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