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0.8 0.75 0.7 0.65 0.6 0.55 0.5 y = -4E-06x + 0.6897 at 600 mA cm-2 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 Time / hours y = -2E-06x + 0.7763 at 200 mA cm-2 y = -6E-06x + 0.6526 at 800 mA cm-2 0 2000 Figure 3-4 Endurance Test Results for Gore Primea 56 MEA at Three Current Densities To improve effectiveness of the platinum catalyst, a soluble form of the polymer is incorporated into the pores of the carbon support structure. This increases the interface between the electrocatalyst and the solid polymer electrolyte. Two methods are used to incorporate the polymer solution within the catalyst. In Type A, the polymer is introduced after fabrication of the electrode; in Type B, it is introduced before fabrication. Most PEFCs presently use cast carbon composite plates for current collection and distribution, gas distribution, and thermal management. Cooling is accomplished using a circulating fluid, usually water that is pumped through integrated coolers within the stack. The temperature rise across the cell is kept to less than 10 °C. In one configuration, water-cooling and humidification are in series, which results in the need for high quality water. The cooling unit of a cell can be integrated to supply reactants to the MEA, remove reaction products from the cell, and seal off the various media against each other and the outside. Metal (usually coated) plates are used as an alternative by some developers. The primary contaminants of a PEFC are carbon monoxide (CO) and sulfur (S). Carbon dioxide (CO2) and unreacted hydrocarbon fuel act as diluents. Reformed hydrocarbon fuels typically contain at least 1 percent CO. Even small amounts of CO in the gas stream, however, will preferentially adsorb on the platinum catalyst and block hydrogen from the catalyst sites. Tests indicate that as little as 10 ppm of CO in the gas stream impacts cell performance (35, 36). Fuel processing can reduce CO content to several ppm, but there are system costs associated with increased fuel purification. Platinum/ruthenium catalysts with intrinsic tolerance to CO have been developed. These electrodes have been shown to tolerate CO up to 200 ppm (37). Although much less significant than the catalyst poisoning by CO, anode performance is adversely affected by the reaction of CO2 with adsorbed hydrides on platinum. This reaction is the electrochemical equivalent of the water gas shift reaction. 3-10 Cell Voltage / VPDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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