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Other research has focused on developing low-cost, lightweight, graphite carbon-based materials that can be used in place of expensive, high-purity graphite bipolar plates. Plated metals, such as aluminum and stainless steel, are also under consideration for this application, despite contact resistance and durability concerns. Conductive plastic and composite bipolar plates have met with significant success in the laboratory, and have even reached commercial production. The time line for development of a vinyl ester configuration is shown in Reference (46) for a material that has reached almost 100 S/cm. Selective oxidation is able to decrease CO in a methanol reformed gas (anode fuel supply stream) from 1% to approximately 10 ppm using a platinum/alumina catalyst. The resulting performance of the anode catalyst, though satisfactory, is impacted even by this low amount of CO. Research at Los Alamos National Laboratory has demonstrated an approach to remedy this problem by bleeding a small amount of air or oxygen into the anode compartment. Figure 3-6 shows that performance equivalent to that obtained on pure hydrogen can be achieved using this approach. It is assumed that this approach would also apply to reformed natural gas that incorporate water gas shift to obtain CO levels of 1% entering the fuel cell. This approach results in a loss of fuel, that should not exceed 4 percent provided the reformed fuel gas can be limited to 1 percent CO(1). Another approach is to develop a CO-tolerant anode catalyst such as the platinum/ruthenium electrodes currently under consideration. Platinum/ruthenium anodes have allowed cells to operate, with a low-level air bleed, for over 3,000 continuous hours on reformate fuel containing 10 ppm CO (27). There is considerable interest in extending PEFC technology to direct methanol and formaldehyde electro-oxidation (47, 48) using Pt-based bi-metallic catalyst. Tests have been conducted with gas diffusion-type Vulcan XC-72/Toray support electrodes with Pt/Sn (0.5 mg/cm2, 8 percent Sn) and Pt/Ru (0.5 mg/cm2, 50 percent Ru). The electrodes have Teflon content of 20 percent in the catalyst layer. Figure 3-6 Effect on PEFC Performance of Bleeding Oxygen into the Anode Compartment (1) 3-13PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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