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carbonate melts shows a clear dependence on the acidity/basicity of the melt (19, 20). In relatively acidic melts, NiO dissolution can be expressed by NiO → Ni2+ + O= In basic melts, NiO reacts with O= to produce one of two forms of nickelate ions: NiO + O= → NiO=2 2NiO + O= + 1⁄2O2 → 2NiO2- (6-8) (6-9) (6-10) A distinct minimum in NiO solubility is observed in plots of log (NiO solubility) versus basicity (-log aM2O), which can be demarcated into two branches corresponding to acidic and basic dissolution. Acidic dissolution is represented by a straight line with a slope of +1, and a NiO solubility that decreases with an increase in aM2O. Basic dissolution is represented by a straight line with a slope of either -1 or -1⁄2, corresponding to Equations (6-9) and (6-10), respectively. The CO2 partial pressure is an important parameter in the dissolution of NiO in carbonate melts because the basicity is directly proportional to log PCO2. An MCFC usually operates with a molten carbonate electrolyte that is acidic. Based on a 12,000-hour full-size stack tests as well as post-test results, FCE believes that Ni dissolution and subsequent precipitation will not be an issue for the desired 40,000-hour (5-yr) life (21) at atmospheric pressure. But at 10 atm cell pressure, only about 5,000 to 10,000 hours may be possible with currently available NiO cathodes (22). The solubility of NiO in molten carbonates is complicated by its dependence on several parameters: carbonate composition, H2O partial pressure, CO2 partial pressure, and temperature. For example, measurements of NiO dissolution by Kaun (23) indicate that solubility is affected by changing the electrolyte composition; a lower solubility is obtained in a Li2CO3-K2CO3 electrolyte that contains less Li2CO3 (i.e., lower solubility in 38 mol Li2CO3-62 mol K2CO3 than in 62 mol Li2CO3-38 mol K2CO3 at 650 °C). However, the solubility of Ni increases in the electrolyte with 38 mol Li2CO3 when the temperature decreases, whereas the opposite trend is observed in the electrolyte with 62 mol Li2CO3. Another study reported by Appleby (24) indicates that the solubility of Ni decreases from 9 to 2 ppm by increasing the Li concentration in Li2CO3-K3CO3 from 62 to 75 wt percent, and a lower solubility is obtained in 60 mol percent Li2CO3-40 mol percent Na2CO3 at 650 °C. The compaction of cathodes became evident in MCFC stacks once the anode creep was eliminated when strengthened by oxide dispersion [i.e., oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) anode]. The bipolar plates used in MCFC stacks are usually fabricated from thin (~15 mil) sheets of an alloy (e.g., Incoloy 825, 310S or 316L stainless steel) that are coated on one side (i.e., the side 6-8PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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