PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 164
Table 6-2 Amount in Mol percent of Additives to Provide Optimum Performance (39) CaCO3 SrCO3 BaCO3 62 MOL percent Li2CO3/K2CO2 0 to 15 0 to 5 0 to 10 52 MOL percent Li2CO3/NA2CO3 0 to 5 0 to 5 0 to 5 Another approach to a milder cell environment is to increase the fraction of Li in the baseline electrolyte or change the electrolyte to Li/Na rather than the baseline 62/38 Li/K melt (29, 39, 40). Within the past 10 years, a lower cost stabilized cathode was developed with a base material cost comparable to the unstabilized cathode (41). A 100 cm2 cell test of the lower-cost stabilized cathode with a Li/Na electrolyte system completed 10,000 hours of operation. Electrolyte Matrix: The present electrolyte structure materials are tightly packed, fine α- or γ- LiAlO2 with fiber or particulate reinforcement. Long-term cell testing reveals significant particle growth and γ to α phase transformation, leading to detrimental changes in the pore structure. The particles grow faster at higher temperatures, in low CO2 gas atmospheres, and in strongly basic melts. The γ phase is stable at > 700 °C, whereas the α phase is stable at 600 to 650 °C. Such particle growth and phase transformations can be explained by a dissolution - precipitation mechanism. The matrix must also be strong enough to counter operating mechanical and thermal stresses, and still maintain the gas seal. Thermal cycling below the carbonate freezing temperature can induce cracking due to thermo-mechanical stress. Ceramic fiber reinforcement is most effective for crack deflection, followed by platelet and sphere forms. However, strong, cost effective, and stable ceramic fibers are not yet commercially available. Long-term, intense material research may be needed to develop such ceramic fibers. If particle sizes are markedly different, the phase transformation is more controlled by the particle sizes, according to Ostwald ripening where small particles preferentially dissolve and re-precipitate onto larger particles. Therefore, a more uniform particle size distribution is needed to maintain a desired pore structure. The industry trend is to switch from γ-LiAlO2 to α-LiAlO2 for better long-term phase and particle-size stabilities. FCE is developing a low-cost LiAlO2, aqueous-base manufacturing system, but must resolve slow drying rate of LiAlO2 and its instability in water (42). Electrolyte: Present electrolytes have the following chemistry: lithium potassium carbonate, Li2CO3/K2CO3 (62:38 mol percent) for atmospheric pressure operation and lithium sodium carbonate, LiCO3/NaCO3 (52:48 o 60:40 mol percent) that is better for improved cathode stability under pressurized operation and life extension. The electrolyte composition affects electrochemical activity, corrosion, and electrolyte loss rate. Evaporation of the electrolyte is a life-limiting issue for the molten carbonate fuel cell. Li/Na electrolyte is better for higher- pressure operation than Li/K because it gives higher performance. This allows the electrolyte matrix to be made thicker for the same performance relative to the Li/K electrolyte. Thicker electrolytes result in a longer time to shorting by internal precipitation. Li/Na also provides 6-11PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
PDF Search Title:
Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)Original File Name Searched:
fuel-cell-handbook.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |