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Methane is a common fuel in internal reforming MCFCs, where the steam reforming reaction CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2 (6-34) occurs simultaneously with the electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen in the anode compartment. The steam reforming reaction is endothermic, with ∆H650°C = 53.87 kcal/mol (89), whereas the overall fuel cell reaction is exothermic. In an internal reforming MCFC, the heat required for the reaction in Equation (6-34) is supplied by heat from the fuel cell reaction, thus eliminating the need for external heat exchange that is required by a conventional fuel processor. In addition, the product steam from the reaction in Equation (6-1) can be used to enhance the reforming reaction and the water gas shift reaction to produce additional H2. The forward direction of the reforming reaction (Equation (6-34)) is favored by high temperature and low pressure; thus, an internal reforming MCFC is best suited to operate near atmospheric pressure. A supported Ni catalyst (e.g., Ni supported on MgO or LiAlO2) sustains the steam reforming reaction at 650 °C to produce sufficient H2 to meet the needs of the fuel cell. The interrelationship between the conversion of CH4 to H2 and its utilization in an internal reforming MCFC at 650 °C is illustrated in Figure 6-13. At open circuit, about 83 percent of the CH4 was converted to H2, which corresponds closely to the equilibrium concentration at 650°C. When current is drawn from the cell, H2 is consumed and H2O is produced, and the conversion of CH4 increases and approaches 100 percent at fuel utilizations greater than about 65 percent. Thus, by appropriate thermal management and adjustment of H2 utilization with the rate of CH4 reforming, a similar performance can be obtained in internal reforming MCFC stacks with natural gas and with synthesized reformate gas containing H2 and CO2, Figure 6-14. The concept of internal reforming has been successfully demonstrated for more than 15,000 hours in a 5 kW stack (91 and more than 10,000 hours in a 250 kW stack (92) The performance of the 2 kW stack over time can be seen in Figure 6-15 (13). 6-32PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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