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challenges of matching the thermal expansion coefficients, mechanical strength, and chemical compatibilities need further development. 1000 900 800 700 T(oC) 600 500 400 Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-d in H2/H2O(Po2=10-20atm) (Dokiya(5)) 8mol%Y2O3-ZrO2 (Yamamoto(7)) La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.83Mg0.2O3-d (Goodenough(6)) Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-d (Dokiya(5)) 9mol%Sc2O3-ZrO2 (Yamamoto(7)) 100 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 1500 150 15 1.5 0.15 0.015 Figure 7-1 Electrolyte Conductivity as a Function of Temperature (4, 5, 6) 0.8 1.0 1.2 1000/T(K) 1.4 1.6 All of the above-mentioned solid electrolytes are oxygen conductors. An automatic consequence of this is that, as in molten carbonate fuel cells, the products of electrochemical reactions all end up on the anode side. While is beneficial for internal reforming and water gas shift reaction (which utilizes the water produced as a reactant), it dilutes the fuel, and at high utilization it can significantly reduce the Nernst potential. It has been shown that solid electrolytes can be made to conduct protons (10, 11, 12, 13). While these electrolytes are still in a very early stage of development, such proton conductors might eventually overcome some of the limitations of cells as oxygen ion conductors. 7.1.2 AnodeMaterials Although a wide range of materials has been considered as anode materials for SOFC (14), most developers today use a cermet of nickel and YSZ. Early on in the development of SOFC, precious metals such as platinum and gold were used, as well as pure transition metals such as nickel and iron. Because of the physical and chemical instability of these materials, other materials such as nickel aluminide were tested. Finally, in 1970, Spacil (15) recognized that a composite of nickel and YSZ particles could provide a stable and highly active anode. The composition of the anode, particle sizes of the powders, and the manufacturing method are key to achieving high electrical conductivity, adequate ionic conductivity, and high activity for electrochemical reactions and reforming and shift reactions. Reduction of the NiO powder in the virgin anode mixture to Ni results in the desired porosity. For the more recent anode-supported cells, it also achieves good mechanical properties and maintains geometric stability during manufacture and operation. For example, by 7-3 Electrical Conductivity ( Ω -1 cm-1) ElectrolyteThicknessfor0.15 Ωcm2(μm)PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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