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Figure 7-6 Possible Seal Types in a Planar SOFC (from (29)) The requirements, material choices, and general sealing concepts are common to most planar SOFC stack designs. Fundamentally, two different types of seals are being developed for SOFC: bonded and compressive seals. Bonded Seals Bonded seals can be rigid or compliant. A hermetic seal is achieved through adhesive forces between the seal material and both surfaces against which the seal is to work. Naturally, the seal material must have good adhesive properties (good wettability of the material to be sealed). Some are designed to remain flexible over the operating range of the cell, while others are meant to be rigid. To use the rigid type of seal, the thermal expansion coefficient of the seal material and all other components must be closely matched. If the seal is compliant, the thermal expansion coefficient matching requirements are somewhat relaxed. The bonding temperature for this type of seal should lie between the operating temperature and the stability limit for the other cell materials. There are several common sub-types of bonded seals currently under consideration for SOFC applications. Glass and glass-ceramic seals are perhaps the most common. This type of seal is attractive because: • Viscous/wetting behavior of glass facilitates hermetic sealing • They are inexpensive and easy to manufacture and apply • Wide range of compositions of glass and ceramics allows tailoring some of the key properties (e.g. thermal expansion coefficient glass transition temperature) • Glass-ceramics can be designed to avoid viscous flow and uncontrolled progressive crystallization during operation However, glass-ceramic seals also exhibit disadvantages: • They are brittle, leading to seal and even cell failures during cool-down; • Despite control, few glass systems allow a match of thermal expansion coefficient to other important cell materials (typically alkaline earth-alumina-silica glasses). In any case, the cell materials don’t match each other close enough to allow a rigid seal in larger cells • Many glasses interact with adjacent cell components, especially with the interconnects • Some of the constituents of glass volatilize during operation (e.g. silica, borate, and alkali metals). These constituents will likely foul or poison the electrode catalyst or interact in an undesirable manner with other cell components 7-10PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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