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because the equilibrium composition obtained by the water gas shift reaction in gases containing hydrogen (H2O) and carbon (CO) produces H2, but this reaction is not favored at higher temperatures. In addition, the theoretical potential for the H2/O2 reaction exceeds that for the CO/O2 reaction at temperatures of about 800 °C. Consequently, the addition of hydrogen to the fuel gas will yield a higher open circuit potential in SOFCs. Based on the Nernst equation, the theoretical voltage gain due to a change in fuel utilization at T = 1,000 °C is ∆ VAnode = 126 log (PH2 / PH2 O )2 (7-16) (PH2 /PH2O)1 where PH2 and PH2 O are the average partial pressures of H2 and H2O in the fuel gas. Figure 7-18 Influence of Gas Composition of the Theoretical Open-Circuit Potential of SOFC at 1,000 °C The fuel gas composition has a major effect on the cell voltage of SOFCs. The performance data (47) obtained from a 15-cell stack (1.7 cm2 active electrode area per cell) of the tubular configuration at 1,000 °C illustrates the effect of fuel gas composition. With air as the oxidant and fuels of composition 97 percent H2/3 percent H2O, 97 percent CO/3 percent H2O, and 1.5 percent H2/3 percent CO/75.5 percent CO2/20 percent H2O, the current densities achieved at 80 percent voltage efficiency were ~220, ~170, and ~100 mA/cm2, respectively. The reasonably close agreement in the current densities obtained with fuels of composition 97% H2/3% H2O and 97 percent CO/3 percent H2O indicates that CO is a useful fuel for SOFCs. However, with fuel gases that have only a low concentration of H2 and CO (i.e., 1.5 percent H2/3 percent CO/75.5 percent CO2/20 percent H2O), concentration polarization becomes significant and the performance is lower. A reference fuel gas used in experimental SOFCs had a composition of 67 percent H2/22 percent CO/11 percent H2O. With this fuel (85 percent utilization) and air as the oxidant (25 percent utilization), individual cells (~1.5 cm diameter, 30 cm length and ~110 cm2 active surface area) delivered a peak power of 22 W (48). Figure 7-19 (45) shows the change in cell voltage with 7-27PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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