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7.2.2.1 Single Cell Performance A significant advance in the development of intermediate temperature PSOFCs has been the use of metallic “bipolar” interconnects in conjunction with thin electrolytes. Although originally conceptualized in the early 1990s, development of the anode-supported planar SOFC with metallic interconnects was significantly accelerated by the US DOE’s SECA Program. The benefits of the anode-supported approach with metallic interconnects were readily recognized (see summary in Table 7-4): • Sintering and Creep – Milder temperatures result in less sintering and creep of the stack materials. This helps maintain geometric stability and high surface area for reaction. • Thermally Activated Processes – Thermally activated processes such as chromium vaporization, elemental inter-diffusion and migration, metallic corrosion, and ceramic aging become problematic at higher temperatures. The lower the operating temperature is maintained, the less damage these processes will cause to the fuel cell. • Thermal Stress – Reduced width of the operating temperature band reduces thermal expansion and contraction stresses during cycling, thus maintaining geometric stability. • Increase in Nernst potential. • Heat Loss – Reduced heat loss from the more compact stack at lower operating temperature. • Material Flexibility – The range of potential construction materials is somewhat greater at lower temperatures. In particular, certain metals can be incorporated in SOFC stack designs. • Balance of Plant – The BOP costs may be less if lower cost materials can be used in the recuperators. In addition, the stack temperatures will be closer to typical reformer and sulfur removal reactor operating temperatures; this further reduces the load on the thermal management system. However, it must be remembered that the main factor driving the heat duty of the thermal management system is the amount of cooling air required for stable stack operation, which in turn depends on the internal reforming capability of the stack and on the acceptable temperature rise across the stack. • Start-up time may be reduced. Lighter weight and high thermal conductivity of the metal interconnects may allow more rapid heat-up to operating temperature. Some negative effects also result from reducing the operating temperature of the SOFC: • A proven interconnect material for operating in the intermediate temperature range (650 to 800 oC) does not yet exist. • Sulfur resistance decreases with temperature. However, recent work has shown that addition of certain materials provides adequate sulfur tolerance at lower temperatures. • Lower temperatures generally require a planar configuration to minimize resistance losses. This is accomplished using ultra-thin electrode and electrolyte membranes. In turn, effective seals for the planar configuration are needed. 7-35PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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