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Figure 7-27 Trend in Cell and Single-Cell-Stack Performance in Planar SOFC (68) Degradation rates observed by various groups for this type of stack range from about 0.8 to about 3 percent per 1,000 hours, though experiments with coated ferritic steel interconnects reportedly achieve still lower degradation rates. The longest operating experience is currently around 6,000 to 7,000 hours per stack. The effect of thermal cycling varies strongly from system to system, but it appears that about 5 to 10 thermal cycles are achievable. The effects of more thermal cycles combined with long-term operation are not well-characterized in the public literature. With respect to degradation rate, both chromia poisoning and interfacial resistances are issues that require further improvement. Because of the thin metal foils used in some of the designs, the effect of changes in chromium content of the bulk foil metal over long periods of time must be taken into account, and could influence corrosion behavior in a non-linear fashion (80). Although these are significant problems, they have been well-characterized. Structured public- private R&D programs are now under way in the U.S., Europe, and Japan to overcome these hurdles in the coming years. 7.2.3 StackScale-Up Although some SOFC applications require systems no larger than the 2 to 10 kW to which many tubular and planar SOFC have been scaled-up, most stationary applications, especially those with the greatest potential impact on global energy use, will require systems ranging from about 200 kW for medium-scale distributed generation to several hundred MW for utility-scale power stations. Table 7-5 lists the major SOFC system manufacturers worldwide; this list does not include research institutes, universities, and manufacturers of solely ceramic components (1). Tubular SOFC systems have been scaled-up and integrated into systems with capacities up to 250 kW (Figure 7-28). This is accomplished by combining individual tubes into 3x8 tube modules with capacities of around 2 kW. These modules, in turn, are combined to form the stack. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries scaled-up its tubular segmented-in-series system to 10 kW (pressurized and atmospheric) and its all-ceramic planar design up to 15 kW. The planar design follows a scale-up approach that involves small ~2 kW units which are combined into larger stack units. Planar anode-supported stacks with metallic interconnects have been scaled-up to about 12 kW in a single stack. 7-41PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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