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High-value niche markets drove early fuel cell technology development. These included the use of fuel cells for on-board electric power in space vehicles, and to demonstrate that fuel cells are an efficient, environmentally-friendly technology for stationary on-site commercial power. The technology of choice for on-board electric power on mid-length space vehicle missions (several days to a year), including the important man-moon mission, was the fuel cell. This was because the use of batteries for more than a couple of days proved too heavy, combustion engines and gas turbines required too heavy a fuel supply, and the use of a nuclear reactor was only suitable for missions of a year or more. There was a simple choice of fuel for space fuel cells: it was hydrogen because it doesn’t require a fuel processor other than storage and pressurization, it is relatively lightweight when stored under pressure, and it was the best fuel for the early-developed alkaline fuel cell. Fuel flexibility was not an issue. It was logical to exploit fuel cell space development for terrestrial use. The initial terrestrial application was to increase power generation efficiency (in reaction to the oil crisis of the early 1970s) and to improve the environment by lowering fossil-fueled power generation exhaust emission. Although coal-derived gas was recognized as a viable fuel, early fuel cell development was based on conveniently accessible pipeline gas prior to turing attention to coal- derived gas. One of the major fuel cell sponsors at the time was the natural gas industry. Pipeline gas consists primarily of methane that is relatively easy to purify. The technology to convert methane to a H2-rich gas existed for large chemical plants. Developers had only to adapt existing technology to small fuel cell units, not easy due to several magnitudes of scale-down. Owners of stationary power plants usually desire fuel flexibility. Fortunately, the fuel processor on these early plants could convert a light distillate, such as naphtha, with minor changes (e.g., add a vaporizer, change-out the fuel nozzles). Once the niche markets were exploited to start fuel cells on their development path, it became necessary to target widespread potential applications while keeping technology development as simple as possible. General application areas of present interest to the fuel cell community are multi-kWe residential, commercial, and light industrial stationary power, transportation prime and auxiliary power, and military uses. In summary, these are the applications and coupled fuel choices of interest to fuel cell technology to date: • H2 is preferable for a closed environment such as space vehicle application. There are sources of H2-rich gases, such as an off-gas at a chemical plant, that require only fuel cleaning. Fuel flexibility is not applicable in either case. • The fuel choice for small, stationary power plants is pipeline gas due to its availability for multiple commercial, light-industrial, and residential applications. Some users request that the fuel processor convert at least one additional fuel, i.e., a light distillate. • Light vehicles are a key commercial target due to the large number of potential units; the fuel choice is open to question. Some proponents support the use of on-board hydrogen. There is a strong argument for liquid fuels due to on-board volume restrictions and existing fuel supply infrastructure. Candidate liquid fuels for light vehicles could be available gasoline or 8-5PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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