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Sulfur Effects Present gasolines contain approximately 300 ppm by weight of sulfur. New government standards will reduce the sulfur concentration to an average of 30 ppm and a maximum of 80 ppm by 2006; however fuel gas produced from these gasolines may contain as high as 3-8 ppm of H2S. No. 2 fuel oil contains 2,200 to 2,600 ppm of sulfur by weight. Even pipeline gas contains sulfur-containing odorants (mercaptans, disulfides, or commercial odorants) for leak detection. Metal catalysts in the fuel reformer can be susceptible to sulfur poisoning, requiring that the sulfur in the fuel reformate be removed. Some researchers have advised limiting the sulfur content of the fuel from a steam reformer to less than 0.1 ppm, but note that the limit may be higher in an autothermal reformer (10). Sulfur poisons catalytic sites in the fuel cell also. The effect is aggravated when there are nickel or iron-containing components, including catalysts that are sensitive to sulfur and noble metal catalysts such as found in low temperature cell electrodes. Sulfur tolerances are described in the specific fuel cell sections of this handbook.42 In summary, the sulfur tolerances of the cells of interest, by percent volume in the cleaned and altered fuel reformate gas to the fuel cells from published data, are: • PEFC - <50 ppm sulfur as H2S (11), poisoning is cumulative and not reversible. • PAFC - <50 ppm sulfur as H2S + COS or <20 ppm sulfur as H2S at the anode. Poisoned anodes can be re-activated by polarization at high potentials. • MCFC - <0.5 ppm sulfur as H2S (at the cathode) equates to <10 ppm at the anode because of fuel exhaust being sent to the cathode in an MCFC (same amount of sulfur, more gas at the cathode), poisoning is reversible. • SOFC - <1 ppm sulfur as H2S, poisoning is reversible for the tubular SOFC. H2S levels of 1 ppm result in an immediate performance drop, but this loss soon stabilizes into a normal linear degradation. Tests show that high temperature planar SOFCs with all-ceramic components can tolerate up to 3,000 ppm of sulfur. Sulfur, in H2S form, has been used as a fuel for an external reforming, all-ceramic SOFC operating at 1,000 °C (12). However, developers want to reduce the cell temperature to allow less expensive metal components, primarily interconnects, and improve cycle efficiency. There is a requirement to lower sulfur significantly if metal parts are used in an SOFC. For planar SOFCs, claims for sulfur tolerance vary among the developers. The range of sulfur has been published as 10 to 35 ppm. Planar SOFC sulfur tolerance probably will be secondary to the fuel processor catalyst that, as mentioned, may be as low as 0.1 ppm. 42. There is ambiguity in the way sulfur is reported in fuel cell literature that has caused confusion in the amount that can be tolerated. Reports often fail to distinguish whether the sulfur is measured by weight, as it would be before vaporization of a liquid fuel, or by volume, as it would be in a gas fuel or fuel gas reformate. An approximate rule of thumb is that the amount (by volume) of sulfur in a vaporized fuel is one-tenth the amount of sulfur measured by weight in the liquid fuel. 300 ppm sulfur (by weight) in the liquid fuel equates to 30 ppm sulfur (by volume) when the fuel is converted to a gaseous reformate. 8-10PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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