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the pre-reformed gas. By proper design of fuel processing systems, a wide variety of fuels may be converted to a suitable reformate. This reformate can then be used to promote internal reforming for high temperature fuel cell systems. For each type of fuel, optimum operating parameters such as temperature, steam/carbon ratio, and catalyst must be established (19). Partial Oxidation: A substoichiometric amount of air or oxygen is used to partially combust the fuel. Partial oxidation is highly exothermic, and raises the reactants to a high temperature. The resulting reaction products, still in a reduced state, are then quenched through the introduction of superheated steam. The addition of steam promotes the combined water-gas shift and steam reforming reactions, which further cools the gas. In most cases, and with sufficient pre-heating of the reactants, the overall reaction is exothermic and self-sustaining. For some applications however, particularly small-scale configurations, a catalyst can be used to increase reaction rates at lower reaction temperatures. As with steam reforming, additional, water-gas shift may be necessary to satisfy the fuel cell requirements. POX reactor temperatures vary widely. Noncatalytic processes for gasoline reforming require temperatures in excess of 1,000 °C. These temperatures require the use of special materials and significant preheating and integration of process streams. The use of a catalyst can substantially reduce the operating temperature, allowing the use of more common construction materials such as steel. Lower temperature conversion leads to less carbon monoxide (an important considera- tion for low temperature fuel cells), so that the shift reactor can be smaller. Lower temperature conversion will also increase system efficiency. For some heavy hydrocarbon fuels, typical values range from as low as 870 °C for catalytic POX upwards to 1,400 °C for non-catalytic POX. For sulfur-bearing diesel fuel, a catalytic POX reactor will usually operate at approximately 925 °C. This relatively elevated temperature is needed to overcome catalyst degradation due to the presence of sulfur. Non-catalytic POX reactors operate at around 1,175 °C on diesel fuel. Advantages of POX that make this type of fuel conversion suitable for transportation power are: • POX does not need indirect heat transfer (across a wall), so the processor is more compact and lightweight (7). • Contrary to widely-held opinion, POX and ATR are capable of higher reforming efficiencies than are steam reformers (20). Partial oxidation should be reacted so that the overall reaction is exothermic, but at a low oxygen-to-fuel ratio to favor higher hydrogen yields. 8-13PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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