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Table 8-3 Typical Partial Oxidation Reformed Fuel Oil Reformate (24) Mole Percent (dry, basis) Reformer Effluent H2 48.0 CO 46.1 CO2 4.3 CH4 0.4 N2 0.3 H2S 0.9 Total 100.0 Alcohols are steam-reformed at lower temperatures (<600 °C) while alkanes45 and unsaturated hydrocarbons require slightly higher temperatures. Cyclic hydrocarbons and aromatics have also been reformed at relatively low temperatures, however a different mechanism appears to be responsible for their reforming. Blended fuels like gasoline and diesel, that are mixtures of a broad range of hydrocarbons, require temperatures of >700 °C maximum hydrogen production. Methanol, one of the fuels being considered for transportation applications, can be converted into hydrogen by steam reforming: CH3OH = CO + 2H2 CO+H2O=CO2 +H2 The equivalent overall result of these two specific reactions is: CH3OH + H2O = CO2 + 3H2 (8-14) (8-15) (8-16) The optimum choice of operating conditions is close to a steam to methanol ratio of 1.5 and a temperature range of 250 °C to 399 °C. Pressure does not influence the reaction rate, but very high pressures limit the equilibrium conversion, which otherwise is better than 99 percent at the preferred range of 5 to 15 bars. The Cu/Zn/Al and Cu/Zn/Cr based catalysts have been used in industrial units for many years (17). Coal Processing: The numerous coal gasification systems available today can be reasonably classified as one of three basic types: 1) moving-bed, 2) fluidized-bed, and 3) entrained-bed. All three of these types use steam and either air or oxygen to partially oxidize coal into a gas product. The moving-bed gasifiers produce a low temperature (425 to 650 °C; 800 to 1,200 °F) gas containing devolatilization products such as methane and ethane, and hydrocarbons including naphtha, tars, oils, and phenol. Entrained-bed gasifiers produce a gas product at high tempera- ture (>1,260 °C; >2,300 °F composed almost entirely of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. The fluidized-bed gasifier product gas falls between these two other reactor types in composition and temperature (925 to 1,040 °C; 1,700 to 1,900 °F). 45. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, i.e., no double carbon bonds. Examples are CH4, C2H6, C3H8, and C(n)H(2n+2). Alkenes have carbon-carbon double bonds such as ethene C2H4 and C(n)H(2n). 8-19PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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