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The heat required for gasification is supplied by the partial oxidation of coal. Overall, the gasification reactions are exothermic, so waste heat boilers often are used at the gasifier effluent. The temperature, and therefore composition, of the product gas depends upon the amount of oxidant and steam, as well as the design of the reactor. Gasifiers typically produce contaminants that must be removed before entering the fuel cell anode. These contaminants include H2S, COS, NH3, HCN, particulates, tars, oils, and phenols. The contaminant levels depend on both the fuel composition and the gasifier employed. There are two families of cleanup that remove the sulfur impurities: hot and cold gas cleanup systems. Cold gas cleanup technology is commercial, has been proven over many years, and provides the system designer with several choices. Hot gas cleanup technology is still developmental and would likely need to be joined with low temperature cleanup systems to remove the non-sulfur impurities in a fuel cell system. For example, tars, oils, phenols, and ammonia could all be removed in a low temperature water quench followed by gas reheat. A typical cold gas cleanup process following an entrained gasifier would include the following subprocesses: heat exchange (steam generation and regenerative heat exchange), particulate removal (cyclones and particulate scrubbers), COS hydrolysis reactor, ammonia scrubber, acid gas (H2S) scrubbers (Sulfinol, SELEXOL), sulfur recovery (Claus and SCOT processes), and sulfur polishers (zinc oxide beds). All of these cleanup systems increase process complexity and cost, while decreasing efficiency and reliability. In addition, many of these systems have specific temperature requirements that necessitate the addition of heat exchangers or direct contact coolers. For example, a COS hydrolysis reactor operates at about 180 °C (350 °F), the ammonia and acid scrubbers operate in the vicinity of 40 °C (100 °F), while the zinc oxide polisher operates at about 370 °C (700 °F). Thus, gasification systems with cold gas cleanup often become a maze of heat exchange and cleanup systems. Typical compositions for several oxygen-blown coal gasification products are shown in Table 8-4. 8-20PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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