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Steam Reforming Autothermal Reforming 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 Steam-to-Carbon Mole Ratio 1.5 2.0 2.5 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Steam-to-Carbon Mole Ratio Figure 8-4 Carbon Deposition Mapping of Methane (CH4) (Carbon-Free Region to the Right of Curve) Steam Reforming 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0123456 Steam to carbon ratio Figure 8-5 Carbon Deposition Mapping of Octane (C8H18) (Carbon-Free Region to the Right and Above the Curve) Coking can be also be avoided by operating at high temperatures and at high oxygen-to-carbon ratios, where the ratio is based on the total atoms of oxygen contained in the steam and air feeds. For a given O/C ratio in the feed, it is preferable that the oxygen comes from water. Thus, for a given O/C, SR is preferred over ATR, which is preferred over POX; “preferred” meaning that coke formation can be avoided while still operating at a lower temperature (20, 23, 31). Other Impurities Reduction: Halides in fuels such as naphtha have deleterious effects on steam reforming and low temperature shift, thus halogen guards must be included in fuel processing. There are many types of coal with different compositions, including harmful species. One common constituent, HCl, will cause formation of stable chlorides and corrosion in a MCFC. There has not been much work in SOFC yet on this topic. It is doubtful whether low temperature cells will be fueled by coal. 8-24 T carbon formation (oC) T (oC) T (oC)PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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