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ACCESSORY LOADS_ DC-DC DC-AC Transformer FUEL CELL STACK Vdc Ib Va Vb Hydrogen Input Idc Gate Drive Vd DC/DC Control Ls Ls Ls PI Id wL Ia Id ABC Electric Utility SV PWM V*d PIs V*q wLs Iq PI Vq Iq* Figure 8-17 Fuel cell power conditioner control system for supplying power to the utility (utility interface) The paralleling device (static switch / mechanical circuit breaker) should be capable of withstanding twice the nominal peak utility voltage Unintentional islanding: the fuel cell power conditioner must detect islanding and cease to energize the area electric power system within 2 seconds of the formation of an island. Figure 8-17 shows the fuel cell power conditioner control system for supplying power to the utility. The DC-DC converter and the DC-AC inverter are controlled separately. The required electric power to be injected into the utility grid is set by P*ref signal, the signal generator block then generates appropriate reference signals for the DC-AC inverter and the fuel cell controller to generate more power. The DC-AC inverter control block shows a “d-q” control with space vector PWM. A line frequency isolation transformer is shown to match the output AC voltage of the fuel cell unit with that of the utility. Utility power can be utilized initially to perform the fuel cell startup operation. Upon satisfactory startup, current control of the fuel cell power conditioning unit can be utilized to set the power level to be supplied to the utility. Higher power fuel cell systems in the 50kW to 500kW range [13,14,15] are characteristic of commercial installations such as industrial facilities, hospitals, hotels, fast food outlets, etc. At these power levels, 480V three phase AC output is preferred (in the U.S.). It should be noted that a minimum dc-link voltage of 784V DC is essential to generate 480V AC output from a three phase power electronic inverter. The fuel cell voltage must be sufficiently high, or a suitable DC-DC converter can be employed to increase the dc-link voltage. If the fuel cell stack voltage can be boosted to 800V DC, then a transformer-less system can be envisioned. It should be emphasized that using an isolation transformer in higher voltage/higher power fuel cell systems interconnected to a utility offers an effective means of meeting the requirements of domestic and 8-38 * abc dq Fuel Cell Control abc dq Start-up Power Controller Reference Signal Generator P*refPDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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