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8.4.5 NaturalGasFueledMulti-StageSolidStatePowerPlantSystem The fuel cell system presented below is based on an innovative solid state fuel cell system developed by U.S.DOE (19). Conventional fuel cell networks, in order to effectively use the supplied fuel, often employ fuel cell modules operating in series to achieve high fuel utilization50 or combust the remaining fuel for possible thermal integration such as cogeneration steam or a steam bottoming cycle. Both of these conventional approaches utilize fuel cell modules at a single state-of-the-art operating temperature. In conventional fuel cell networks, heat exchangers are utilized between the fuel cell modules to remove heat so the subsequent fuel cell can operate at the desired temperature. In the multi-stage fuel cell, the individual stages are designed to operate at different tempera- tures, so that heat exchangers are not required to cool the effluent gases between stages. Each stage is designed to accommodate the next higher temperature regime. In addition, the multi- stage fuel cell concept does not attempt to maximize the fuel utilization in each stage, but allows lower utilizations in comparison to the state-of-the-art design. The number of stages and the fuel utilization per stage in the multi-stage concept is a matter of design choice and optimization. An example of the fuel utilization for a five stage concept is presented in Table 8-17. Table 8-17 Example Fuel Utilization in a Multi-Stage Fuel Cell Module Stage 1 2 3 4 5 Overall 100.0 Fuel Balance for 100 Units of Fuel Fuel Utilization Fuel Feed Fuel Out 81.0 62.0 43.0 24.0 6.0 6.0 Fuel Used 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 18.0 94.0 per Stage 19.0 % 23.5 % 30.6 % 44.2 % 75.0 % Cumulative 19.0 % 38.0 % 57.0 % 76.0 % 94.0 % 94.0 % 100.0 81.0 62.0 43.0 24.0 A flow diagram for a natural gas fueled, 4 MW class, and solid state fuel cell power cycle is presented in Figure 8-30. A brief process description is given below, followed by a performance summary. Selected state point values are presented in Table 8-18. 50. Current state-of-the-art SOFCs have fuel utilizations of 75 to 85%. By utilizing a second fuel cell in series, the total utilization could be theoretically increased to 93 to 98%. Note: Two cascaded fuel cells operating with a fuel utilization of 85% will have an overall utilization of 98%. 1-(0.15)2 = 1-0.02 = 0.98 or 98%. 8-62PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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