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CH4; the efficiency of the fuel cell power generation process could, therefore, approach 100 percent. However, work is lost and a corresponding quantity of heat is produced by irreversibilities both in fuel cell operation -- • the electrical resistance of the electrolyte to ion flow and of the electrodes, current collectors, and leads to electron flow; • the kinetics of the processes involving reactants, ions, and electrons at the anode and cathode of the cell; • the transport, or diffusion, of reactants within the anode and cathode chambers to the electrode; • and also in overall system operation – • the preheating of the air and fuel streams; • the pretreating, or reforming, of the CH4 fuel to provide more reactive H2 and to prevent the deposition of carbon (C). The heat resulting from these irreversibilities must then be removed in order to maintain the fuel cells at a desired operating temperature. Irreversibilities and the resulting quantity of heat produced can be reduced, in general, by increasing the active area of the fuel cells, heat exchangers, and fuel reformer; but increased equipment costs result. In general, reforming of the CH4 fuel with excess H2O outside the cell has been practiced both in molten carbonate and solid oxide fuel cell systems in order to produce H2, more reactive on a fuel cell anode, and to avoid the possible deposition of C. This reforming reaction CH4 +H2O=CO+3H2 is associated with an increase in entropy and absorbs heat. Excess H2O produces additional H2 and reduces the CO content of the reformed gases, which may adversely affect anode reactions, by the shift reaction H2O+CO=H2 +CO2. This reaction is thermally neutral. The heat absorbed in the CH4 reforming reaction is released by the subsequent reaction of the H2 product at the anode of the fuel cell. If, therefore, the reforming process can be carried out in close proximity to and in thermal contact with the anode process, the thermal neutrality of the overall CH4 oxidation process can be approximated. And the heat removal and recovery process for the fuel cell system can deal merely with the heat produced by its operational irreversibilities. Heat removal from fuel cells, and cell batteries, can be accomplished: • directly through the flow of reactants to and products from them. • indirectly through heat transfer surfaces in contact with the cell or included within a battery. A specific fuel cell system is viewed here as having a fixed range of operating temperature between a maximum and minimum; heat must therefore be removed in such a manner to maintain the temperature within these limiting values. If heat is removed directly by reactant flows, then the quantity of flow must be adjusted so that inlet and outlet temperatures (as well as 8-79PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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