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polarizations. (This is a conservative estimate, representing a much higher outlet voltage polarization than would be expected.) Simple, single-pressure steam cycles produce secondary power. When the total fuel utilization of each system was optimized for maximum efficiency, the efficiency of the fuel cell stacks networked in series was nearly 10 percent greater than that of the stacks arranged in parallel (44.9 percent vs. 35.4 percent, LHV). When the power generated by each system's steam bottoming cycle was considered in addition to its fuel cell power, the gap in efficiency narrowed to 5.5 percent. The efficiency of the total networked system is 56.8 percent, while that of the total conventional system was 51.3 percent. The fuel cell network which was simulated was not fully optimized. Optimization of flow geometry, operating pressure, stack fuel utilization and current, reactant conditioning, and other parameters would be expected to yield further significant increases in total system efficiency. 8.5.8 Conclusions Key to the concept of networking is the arrangement of multiple fuel cell stacks relative to the flow of reactant streams. Conventional fuel cells systems have been designed such that reactant streams flow in parallel through fuel cell stacks. In a fuel cell network, however, reactant streams are ducted such that they are fed and recycled through stacks in series. Arranging fuel cell stacks in series offers several advantages over conventional fuel cell systems. Stacks networked in series more closely approach a reversible process, which increases the system efficiency. Higher total reactant utilizations can be achieved by stacks networked in series. Placing stacks in series also allows reactant streams to be conditioned at different stages of utilization. Between stacks, heat can be consumed or removed, (methane injection, heat exchange) which improves the thermal balance of the system. The composition of streams can be adjusted between stacks by mixing exhaust streams or by injecting reactant streams. Computer simulations have demonstrated that a combined cycle system with MCFC stacks networked in series is significantly more efficient than an identical system with MCFC stacks configured in parallel. 8.6 Hybrids This section presents hybrids for generating electricity or for providing power in automotive vehicles. Hybrid systems that incorporate gas turbines build upon the outstanding performance of the fuel cell by utilizing the exhausted fuel cell heat. Hybrid electric vehicles utilize fuel cells to provide electric power to augment or replace exiting power sources. These systems are highly efficient and deliver superior environmental performance. Presented below is a general discussion of hybrid technology as well as specific initiatives in the gas turbine/fuel cell and electric power hybrid vehicle areas. 8.6.1 Technology Advanced power generation cycles that combine high-temperature fuel cells and gas turbines, reciprocating engines, or another fuel cell are the hybrid power plants of the future. These conceptual systems have the potential to achieve efficiencies greater than 70 percent and be 8-89PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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