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commercially ready by the year 2010 or sooner. The hybrid fuel cell/turbine (FC/T) power plant will combine a high-temperature, conventional molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) or a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with a low-pressure-ratio gas turbine, air compressor, combustor, and in some cases, a metallic heat exchanger (27). The synergistic effects of the hybrid fuel cell/turbine technology will also provide the benefits of reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Nitrous (NOX) emissions will be an order of magnitude below those of non-fuel cell power plants and carbon monoxide emissions will be less than 2 parts per million (ppm) (28). There will also be a substantial reduction in the amount of carbon dioxide produced compared to conventional power plants. The hybrid system is key to the Department of Energy’s program of achieving efficiencies greater than 75 percent (LHV) for natural gas. The higher efficiencies play a key role in reducing emissions. As a comparison, conventional coal-burning power plants are typically 35 percent efficient and natural gas fired plants are now 40 to 50 percent efficient. Figure 8-41 shows the estimated efficiency ranges of current and future power generation systems. The combination of the fuel cell and turbine operates by using the rejected thermal energy and residual fuel from a fuel cell to drive the gas turbine. The fuel cell exhaust gases are mixed and burned, raising the turbine inlet temperature while replacing the conventional combustor of the gas turbine. Use of a recuperator, a metallic gas-to-gas heat exchanger, transfers heat from the gas turbine exhaust to the fuel and air used in the fuel cell. Figure 8-42 illustrates an example of a proposed fuel cell/turbine system. There can be many different cycle configurations for the hybrid fuel cell/turbine plant. In the topping mode described above, the fuel cell serves as the combustor for the gas turbine while the gas turbine is the balance-of-plant for the fuel cell, with some generation. In the bottoming mode, the fuel cell uses the gas turbine exhaust as air supply while the gas turbine is the balance of plant. In indirect systems, high temperature heat exchangers are used (29). The hybrid plants are projected to cost 25 percent below comparably sized fuel cells, (30) and be capable of producing electricity at costs of 10 to 20 percent below today’s conventional plants (27). Operation of the plant is almost totally automatic. Therefore, it can be monitored and managed remotely with the possibility of controlling hundreds of the power plants from a single location (28). Initial systems will be less than 20 MW, with typical system sizes of 1 to 10 MW. Future systems, in the megawatt class size, will boost efficiency even further by combining two solid oxide fuel cell modules with more advanced gas turbines and introducing sophisticated cooling and heating procedures. Another possibility of a hybrid power plant is to combine a solid oxide fuel cell with a polymer electrolyte (PEFC) fuel cell. The SOFC would produce both electric power and hydrogen. This hydrogen would then be utilized by the PEFC to generate more electric power (28). 8-90PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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