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more likely to contain contaminants than natural gas, and would require cleanup before use. The main reason natural gas is used is that the supply of natural gas is abundant and the price continues to remain low. If the prices or availability of natural gas becomes prohibitive, water is another abundant source of hydrogen. Several forms of energy can be used to make hydrogen: • Thermal: Thermal decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen occurs at temperatures around 2,500 oC. The process isn’t attractive because few materials can withstand that temperature. In the plasma arc process, water is heated to 5,000 oC by an electric field resulting in the cracking products H, H2, O, O2, OH, HO2, and H2O. A fraction of 50 percent by volume of H and H2 is possible. The plasma gases are quenched with a cryogenic liquid to prevent the gases from recombining. This process consumes a lot of energy and is very expensive to operate. • Thermochemical: Today, hydrogen is produced mainly from natural gas by steam methane reforming. Steam methane reforming (SMR) is not only the most common, but is also the least expensive method of producing hydrogen; almost 48 percent of the world’s hydrogen is produced from SMR (1). Refineries produced and used 2,500 billion scf in 1998. • Electrochemical: Water electrolysis passes a direct current between two electrodes in water. The water is made more conductive by adding an electrolyte such as potassium hydroxide. Hydrogen gathers around the negative electrode (cathode) and oxygen gathers around the positive electrode (anode). The gases are collected separately. • Photoelectrochemical: Sunlight (photons) provides the source of energy for this process. Photons interact with dissolved chemicals to produce activated species, which in turn deactivate by releasing hydrogen from water. This is solar-powered electrolysis. • Photobiologial: Sunlight provides the source of energy for this process. Living organisms, such as green algae, make enzymes. The pigment of algae absorbs solar energy, and the enzyme in the cell acts as a catalyst to split the water molecules. Producer Table 10-7 Hydrogen Producers3 Capacity* Merchant Cryogenic Liquid Air Products and Chemicals, New Orleans, LA Air Products and Chemicals, Pace, FL Air Products and Chemicals, Sacramento, CA Air Products and Chemicals, Sarnia, Ont. BOC, Magog, Quebec HydrogenAL, Becancour, Quebec Praxair, East Chicago, IN Praxair, McIntosh, AL Praxair, Niagara Falls, NY Praxair, Ontario, CA Air Liquide (11 locations) Air Products and Chemicals (20 locations) BOC (6 locations) Brown Industries (3 locations) General Hydrogen, Natrium, WV 26,800 11,500 2,300 11,500 5,900 4,600 11,500 11,500 15,000 8,500 67,960 740,440 14,650 460 200 Total Merchant Cryogenic Liquid 109,100 Merchant Compressed Gas 10-33PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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