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impermeable caprock above it would be needed to contain the gas. As much as 50 percent of the hydrogen pumped into the formation would remain in the formation. 10.7.5 Barriers A number of key barriers must be addressed by federal, state, and local governments along with industry and academia (2). These barriers are listed below: • The primary constraint on remote fuel cells generating electricity from hydrogen is economical. Power is inexpensive in the United States. For a fuel cell to compete with other generation sources, its price must be reduced dramatically. Remote power applications offer the best opportunities for fuel cells to compete economically. Generally speaking, the cost of hydrogen should be under $10/MMBtu to be competitive with other energy sources. Fuel cells at customer sites with a use for the waste heat must be acquired and installed at a cost under $2,000/kW. • Research and development is required to improve the performance and reduce the cost of renewables, storage, and fuel cell technologies. Technologies are needed that can produce hydrogen for the same price as gasoline. Storage technologies must be developed to allow cheap, safe hydrogen storage. Finally, fuel cell technology must advance to improve efficiency. • Safety is a prime consideration for stationary fuel cells. As fuel cells come closer to the customer, codes must be written and building inspectors educated to allow the introduction of fuel cell power systems. Standards are being developed for on-board hydrogen, but these efforts must be expanded to include standards in building codes and for on-site hydrogen production, storage, and use at industrial sites. Codes and standards activities along these lines are underway. • Difficulty in obtaining insurance is of prime concern for siting hydrogen projects. Efforts must be undertaken for the government to provide a layer of insurance coverage. In addition, insurance companies must be educated as to the proper handling of hydrogen and the associated risks. This would allow for property, liability, and efficacy insurance to be offered at reasonable rates. • Public outreach is necessary for the development of hydrogen technologies. The public perception is that hydrogen is dangerous. EPA lists hydrogen as a hazardous chemical. The public requires positive experiences in using hydrogen at work or in transportation to overcome negative perceptions. Children can be educated at school with a curriculum that includes studying hydrogen as a renewable, non-polluting energy source. 10.8 The Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Work in Fuel Cells The Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), whose mission is to develop and deploy efficient and clean energy technologies, is part of the United States Department of Energy. EERE partners with the private sector, state and local governments, DOE national laboratories, and universities to conduct its program activities. To help accomplish its mission, EERE is aided by the Golden Field Office and six regional offices, each of which serves a specific geographic region of the United States and its territories. 10-36PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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