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Sustainability 2021, 13, 1213 and the expander used for WHR purposes. The standalone MCFC system is simple and reliable. However, the hybrid MCFC system has significant advantages for large-scale ap- perature make it suitable for driving a bottoming cycle (Rankine cycle, Brayton cycle or a tri-generation system for the cooling, heat and power demands of a ship). Consequently, plications because the highly exothermic electrochemical reaction and high operating tem- configuration. (iii) An indirect hybrid system or a direct hybrid system. Regarding hybrid MCFC (iii) An indirect hybrid system or a direct hybrid system. Regarding hybrid MCFC systems, either a ST or GT can be combined with the MCFC module. Indirect hybrid sys- systems, either a ST or GT can be combined with the MCFC module. Indirect hybrid tems use the fuel cell exhaust gas to heat the working fluid of a bottoming cycle, where systems use the fuel cell exhaust gas to heat the working fluid of a bottoming cycle, 14 of 34 higher overall efficiency and larger power outputs can be obtained in the hybrid configu- quently, higher overall efficiency and larger power outputs can be obtained in the hybrid ration. the power turbine is driven by the steam or the air heated by the energy from the com- where the power turbine is driven by the steam or the air heated by the energy from the bustion of the unreacted anode gas and the cathode gas, probably along with the auxiliary combustion of the unreacted anode gas and the cathode gas, probably along with the fuel. However, a direct hybrid system uses the energy from the combustion of the exiting auxiliary fuel. However, a direct hybrid system uses the energy from the combustion of the gas of the MCFC stack to drive a GT directly. The indirect hybrid system is simple and exiting gas of the MCFC stack to drive a GT directly. The indirect hybrid system is simple reliable, and the operation of the MCFC is independent from the GT, which allows a safe and reliable, and the operation of the MCFC is independent from the GT, which allows and robust operation for both the fuel cell and the GT. However, the direct hybrid system a safe and robust operation for both the fuel cell and the GT. However, the direct hybrid is more attractive for large-scale applications. system is more attractive for large-scale applications. 3..2..2..SSttaandaallooneeMCFCSSysstteem The first marine MCFC system was installed onboard the offshore supply ship “Viking The first marine MCFC system was installed onboard the offshore supply ship “Vi- Lady” as an APU. The MCFC module consisted of a MCFC stack, an LNG supply unit, an king Lady” as an APU. The MCFC module consisted of a MCFC stack, an LNG supply air supply unit, a water supply unit, a catalytic combustion burner (CCB), a reforming unit unit, an air supply unit, a water supply unit, a catalytic combustion burner (CCB), a re- and a fuel/steam heater for fuel humidification and water evaporation, as well as several forming unit and a fuel/steam heater for fuel humidification and water evaporation, as auxiliary elements to fulfil regulation, measurement, safety and control functions [66,67]. well as several auxiliary elements to fulfil regulation, measurement, safety and control A schematic illustration of the configuration is shown in Figure 3. Pre-heated fuel and functions [66,67]. A schematic illustration of the configuration is shown in Figure 3. Pre- water vapor flowed into the reforming unit, which was in thermal contact with the CCB heated fuel and water vapor flowed into the reforming unit, which was in thermal contact to obtain the reforming heat. The reformed fuel products including H , CO , CO and 22 with the CCB to obtain the reforming heat. The reformed fuel products including H2, CO2, H O entered the anode chamber. The residual fuels were mixed with the air from the 2 CO and H2O entered the anode chamber. The residual fuels were mixed with the air from mechanical blower in the CCB, along with part of the residual air exiting from the cathode. the mechanical blower in the CCB, along with part of the residual air exiting from the Hot CO2-enriched air was fed to the cathode inlet for the electrochemical reactions of the cathode. Hot CO2-enriched air was fed to the cathode inlet for the electrochemical reac- fuel cell stack. The rest of the hot exhaust gas exiting from the cathode was used to pre-heat tions of the fuel cell stack. The rest of the hot exhaust gas exiting from the cathode was the mixtures of the fuel and water vapor, and then discharged to the atmosphere after used to pre-heat the mixtures of the fuel and water vapor, and then discharged to the evaporating the water supply. atmosphere after evaporating the water supply. Fuel cell module Electricity MCFC stack Reforming CCB Fuel/steam heater Evaporator Blower M Fuel Water Exhaust Air Figure 3. Schematic diagram of a standalone MCFC (molten carbonate fuel cell) module. Figure 3. Schematic diagram of a standalone MCFC (molten carbonate fuel cell) module. 3.2.3. Indirect Hybrid MCFC System In Figure 3, the exhaust gas could be used to heat the working fluid of a bottoming cycle (either ST or GT are possible). The hybrid system coupling a MCFC with a ST or GT is called an indirect hybrid system [65,68,69]. Both the standalone MCFC system and the indirect hybrid MCFC system operate at atmospheric pressure. 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