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Sustainability 2021, 13, 1213 15 of 34 Combined MCFC-ST System A ST may be used in a bottoming cycle for WHR [29,67]. The water supply is changed into superheated steam by the exhaust gas from the cathode of the fuel cell stack through a cascade of pre-heater, evaporator and superheater after the fuel/steam heater. The superheated steam operates a ST for power generation. The residual steam along with the fuel is then pre-heated in the fuel/steam heater. Other components and processes are similar to those of the standalone MCFC system. Combined MCFC-GT System In some indirect hybrid systems, a power turbine is driven by air heated by energy from the combustion of the unreacted anode gas and the cathode gas, possibly along with auxiliary fuel [29]. This kind of indirect system might be preferred for a small-scale system. In some configurations [69], the exiting gas from the combustor heats the inlet air of the power turbine and then flows into the cathode; the exhaust gas from the cathode heats the pressurized air, the fuel and the water one by one before leaving the module. The fuel and water are reformed in an internal reformer and then enter into the anode. The residual fuels from the anode react with the exiting air from the power turbine in the combustor. The applications of these configurations are limited due to the relatively low efficiencies and the incompatibility of current commercial GT units. 3.2.4. Direct Hybrid MCFC System If the exhaust gas of the MCFC stack is used to drive a GT directly, this kind of WHR system is called a direct hybrid system, where the operating pressure is usually 3–4 bar [65,70–72]. In the direct hybrid system, the power turbine is driven by the exhaust gas from the combustion of the unreacted anode gas and the cathode gas, probably along with the auxiliary fuel. The significant feature of the direct system is that without the heat exchanger present in the indirect system, it produces turbine inlet gas with higher temperature and pressure. This offers a greater variety of options for system layouts compared to the indirect system and increases the potential of the system to more efficiently exploit the heat released from the MCFC [65]. The direct hybrid system is suitable for large-scale systems. A basic configuration of a combined system of MCFC and WHR is shown in Figure 4. A MCFC module consists of a stack, a fuel delivery and reforming unit, two CCBs (CCB1 and CCB2) and a GT unit. The main fuel (renewable NG or methanol) and water vapor are heated in the recuperator and then enter into the indirect internal reforming unit [70]. The reformed fuel compositions, including H2, CO2, CO and H2O, enter into the anode chamber. The residual fuels (all combustible components) exiting from the anode react with the residual air exiting from the cathode in the CCB1, providing heat to sustain the reactions in the reforming unit and CO2 required by the cathode. The air pressurized by the compressor and the exiting gas from the CCB1 enters the cathode to sustain the electrochemical reactions of the stack. The temperature of the exiting gas from the MCFC cathode is not enough to sustain the work of the GT. Typically 900–1050 ◦C of the turbine inlet temperature is required, so auxiliary fuel and a combustion burner are required. Thus, CCB2 is arranged to sustain the operation of the GT and to separate the operations of the FC stack and the GT as well. The supply of auxiliary fuel is dependent on the turbine inlet temperature required. The bypass air from the outlet of the compressor is controlled according to the load of the stack. The residual heat of the exhaust gas from the turbine is recovered by an evaporator to heat the water supply.PDF Image | Fuel Cell Power Systems for Maritime Applications
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