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Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 33 Sustainability 2021, 13, 1213 16 of 34 according to the load of the stack. The residual heat of the exhaust gas from the turbine is recovered by an evaporator to heat the water supply. Main fuel Electricity Fuel cell module MCFC stack Recuperator Reforming CCB1 CCB2 Bypass valve G Turbine Evaporator Compressor Fuel Exhaust gas turbine) system. gas turbine) system. Water Air Figure 4. Schematic diagram of the basic configuration of a MCFC-GT (molten carbonate fuel cell Figure 4. Schematic diagram of the basic configuration of a MCFC-GT (molten carbonate fuel cell If no auxiliary fuels are fed into the CCB2, a turbocharger, such as those commonly If no auxiliary fuels are fed into the CCB2, a turbocharger, such as those commonly used in the application of internal combustion engines, could be employed to pressurize used in the application of internal combustion engines, could be employed to pressurize the air [70]. In such circumstances, the total power output and the efficiency of the MCFC the air [70]. In such circumstances, the total power output and the efficiency of the MCFC system is limited. Accordingly, hybrid MCFC systems using GT are relatively common system is limited. Accordingly, hybrid MCFC systems using GT are relatively common and several configurations have been investigated. The residual fuels exiting from the and several configurations have been investigated. The residual fuels exiting from the an- anode and the residual air from the cathode were recycled to either CCB1 or CCB2, or ode and the residual air from the cathode were recycled to either CCB1 or CCB2, or both both of them. In addition, auxiliary fuels were fed to either CCB1 or CCB2, and a heat of them. In addition, auxiliary fuels were fed to either CCB1 or CCB2, and a heat ex- exchanger (regenerator) was used to pre-heat the pressurized air from the compressor by changer (regenerator) was used to pre-heat the pressurized air from the compressor by the exhaust gas from the turbine [70]. In some configurations, in addition to generating the exhaust gas from the turbine [70]. In some configurations, in addition to generating mechanical power for the air compressor, the turbine might generate extra electrical power mechanical power for the air compressor, the turbine might generate extra electrical through a generator [70]. Thus, both electrical power and efficiency increase. CCB2 could power through a generator [70]. Thus, both electrical power and efficiency increase. CCB2 be a direct combustor and part of the reformed fuel products might be used for hydrogen could be a direct combustor and part of the reformed fuel products might be used for separation in a pressure swing absorption system. The extracted hydrogen could be stored hydrogen separation in a pressure swing absorption system. The extracted hydrogen or mixed with the residual fuels exiting from the anode and the residual air exiting from could be stored or mixed with the residual fuels exiting from the anode and the residual the cathode [73]. In addition, the main fuel might be reformed by an external reformer air exiting from the cathode [73]. In addition, the main fuel might be reformed by an ex- using the waste heat from the system; the pressurized air is heated by the exhaust gas from ternal reformer using the waste heat from the system; the pressurized air is heated by the the turbine, and reacts with part of the residual fuels from the anode in the CCB1, then exhaust gas from the turbine, and reacts with part of the residual fuels from the anode in entering into the cathode. Meanwhile, the exiting gas from the cathode reacts with the the CCB1, then entering into the cathode. Meanwhile, the exiting gas from the cathode auxiliary fuel and the remaining part of the residual fuel from the anode in the CCB2 to reacts with the auxiliary fuel and the remaining part of the residual fuel from the anode drive the turbine [71]. It is clear therefore that the hybrid MCFC system efficiency, power in the CCB2 to drive the turbine [71]. It is clear therefore that the hybrid MCFC system output, complexity of the layout, power ratio of the stack to WHR system, power ratio of efficiency, power output, complexity of the layout, power ratio of the stack to WHR sys- electricity to heat and plant costs are heavily influenced by system configuration factors tem, power ratio of electricity to heat and plant costs are heavily influenced by system such as post-combustion and operating pressure of the stack. [70]. configuration factors such as post-combustion and operating pressure of the stack. [70]. 3.3. SOFC Modules 3.3.1. Overview The basic components of a SOFC module consist of a SOFC stack, a fuel supply unit, an air supply unit, a reforming unit, an after combustor and a WHR unit, as well as several auxiliary elements serving regulation, measurement, safety and control functions [74,75]. Auxiliary fuel Anode CathodePDF Image | Fuel Cell Power Systems for Maritime Applications
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