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Sustainability 2021, 13, 1213 Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW Air Fuel 18 of 34 17 of 33 Anode SOFC stack Cathode M Blower Electricity Fuel cell module Air preheater Fuel preheater Reforming Economizer Exhaust Figure 5. Schematic diagram of an atmospheric SOFC (solid oxide fuel cell) module. Figure 5. Schematic diagram of an atmospheric SOFC (solid oxide fuel cell) module. Combined SOFC-GT System 3.3.3. Indirect Hybrid SOFC System The indirect hybrid SOFC-GT system consists of a SOFC stack, a fuel supply unit, an air supply unit, a reforming unit, an after catalytic combustor, a heat exchanger, turboma- Combined SOFC-ST System chinery (in the form of a GT) and an economizer [74,75,85], as shown in Figure 6. In an An indirect hybrid SOFC-ST system consists of a SOFC stack, a fuel supply unit, an indirect hybrid SOFC-GT system, the air from the compressor is heated by the exhaust gas air supply unit, a reforming unit, an after catalytic combustor and a WHR system [74,80]. from the combustor through the heat exchanger, which then drives the air turbine before The high temperature exhaust gas from the SOFC stack can be utilized for pre-heating the Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REiVtIflEWows into the cathode. To improve the turbine inlet temperature for a higher pr1e8sosfu3r3e fuel, the air and for the reforming unit. When the operating temperature of the SOFC stack ratio, an auxiliary combustor may be arranged before the turbine [74,75,85,86]. is lower, Rankine cycles could be considered to generate steam. Thus, additional electrical energy could be generated by a ST and the overall efficiency of the system could be in- creased of Rankine cycle is water. Howevganicfluidsaretypically utilized temperature. The combination of a SOFCs enestigatedandverifiedby many r Air Combin Thd Fack,afuelsupplyunit,an airsupgbr,aheatexchanger,tur- bomach f 7 , as shown in Figure 6. In anindirTrrisheatedbytheexhaust gasfromroicendrivestheairturbine beforeih itemperatureforahigher to more than 80% [74,80]. The common working fluid er,whenthetemperaturthehrce tosubstitutewaterdueheirlowcritical ystemandanorganicRnecyC)hasbeinv eat sou Anode SOFC cle (OR stack Cathode esearchers in recent year –84]. ed SOFC-GT System Electricity Heat e indirect hybri T system consists of a SO C st plyunit,areformin unit,anaftercatalyticcomusto ineCroym(pirnesstohreformo aGT)andTuarbninecoGnomizer[74, 5,85] ecthybridSOFC-G system,theairfromthecompesso thecombustorthughtheheatexchanger,whhth tflowsintotoimprovetheturbinenlet e ratio, an auxiliary combustor may be arranged before t more complex indirect hybrid SOFC-GT-ST system has nalfuelissuppombustortoprFouvelidceellmthoeduGleT SOFC-G exchanger e cathode. T Fuel preheater e of to t anki s [81 is lower, o Reforming r Economizer lied to the c Fuel pressur A he turbine [74,75,85,86]. been investigated, where cycle with required heat; additio subsequently, the hot gas exiting from the heat exchanger is used to drive a ST cycle Exhaust [75,87]. The heat exchanger has to be operated at very high temperatures and pressure differences. Hence, the applications of the indirect hybrid SOFC-GT system are limited by Figure 6. Schematic diagram of an indirect SOFC-GT (solid oxide fuel cell gas turbine) module. Figure 6. Schematic diagram of an indirect SOFC-GT (solid oxide fuel cell gas turbine) module. material requirements [74,85]. A more complex indirect hybrid SOFC-GT-ST system has been investigated, where 3.3.4. Direct Hybrid SOFC System additional fuel is supplied to the combustor to provide the GT cycle with required heat; A direct hybrid system uses the energy from the combustion of the exiting gases of subsequently, the hot gas exiting from the heat exchanger is used to drive a ST cycle [75,87]. the SOFC stack to drive a GT directly, as shown in Figure 7. Consequently, the exhaust The heat exchanger has to be operated at very high temperatures and pressure differences. gas exiting from the GT is used to preheat the air and the fuel, and then an economizer is Hence, the applications of the indirect hybrid SOFC-GT system are limited by material used to recover the residual heat. The operating range of a GT, in terms of pressures and requirements [74,85]. mass flow rates, is very restricted due to the intrinsic characteristics of the turbomachin- ery. Thus, auxiliary fuel is supplied to the combustor to maintain the necessary turbine inlet temperature. Meanwhile, the SOFC and GT work separately through the combustor. A large number of distinct configurations have been investigated. Examples include using the GT to drive both the air compressor and a generator, which means both mechanical CCB CCBPDF Image | Fuel Cell Power Systems for Maritime Applications
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