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which the energy for isothermal operation is supplied by heat generated from ohmic losses, and the operation below the thermal-neutral voltage that decreases the outlet temperature and, thus increases methanation reaction and decreases the amount of CO produced via RWGS [266]. Hence, if syngas is produced for methane synthesis, the operation at low temperatures and high pressures is advantageous, even though the methanation reaction is exothermic and effective heat removal is Energies 2020, 13, 420 22 of 96 required [267]. Figure 8. Molar composition on a dry basis of outlet gaseous compounds with a cathode inlet Figure 8. Molar composition on a dry basis of outlet gaseous compounds with a cathode inlet temperature of 800 ◦C (a) as a function of operating pressure; (b) as a function of outlet temperature at temperature of 800 °C (a) as a function of operating pressure; (b) as a function of outlet temperature a pressure of 160 kPa. Reprinted with permission from [266]. at a pressure of 160 kPa. Reprinted with permission from [266]. Finally, the carbon formation on electrolyzer surfaces is a critical issue for SOEC performance Finally, the carbon formation on electrolyzer surfaces is a critical issue for SOEC performance since the carbon deposition obstructs the reaction sites and prevents inlet gas from reaching the TPB. since the carbon deposition obstructs the reaction sites and prevents inlet gas from reaching the TPB. The coke formation occurs when the voltage is high enough and is facilitated by nickel-based electrodes The coke formation occurs when the voltage is high enough and is facilitated by nickel-based since Ni is a suitable catalyst for carbon deposition [268]. Carbon formation is also affected by electrodes since Ni is a suitable catalyst for carbon deposition [268]. Carbon formation is also affected operating temperature and pressure and reactant composition and utilization rate. Carbon is easily by operating temperature and pressure and reactant composition and utilization rate. Carbon is constituted with increasing pressure, CO2 concentration and reactant utilization rate, and decreasing easily constituted with increasing pressure, CO2 concentration and reactant utilization rate, and temperature [264]. Further, impurities derived from inlet gasses (sulfur in CO2 inlet gas [269]), decreasing temperature [264]. Further, impurities derived from inlet gasses (sulfur in CO2 inlet gas cell materials (e.g., glass sealing and chromium interconnector) and gas atmosphere might accumulate [269]), cell materials (e.g., glass sealing and chromium interconnector) and gas atmosphere might at the TPB of Ni-YSZ [270]. The migration to the grain boundaries leads to the active sites blocking accumulate at the TPB of Ni-YSZ [270]. The migration to the grain boundaries leads to the active sites with an increase in the cell overpotential and degradation of performances [271]. blocking with an increase in the cell overpotential and degradation of performances [271]. 3.1.4. Microbial Electrolysis Cells 3.1.4. Microbial Electrolysis Cells Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is a new promising technology that produces hydrogen through Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is a new promising technology that produces hydrogen the oxidation of organic compounds exploiting electrochemically active bacteria as catalysts and a low through the oxidation of organic compounds exploiting electrochemically active bacteria as catalysts input voltage (0.2–0.8 V) [272]. MEC was first disclosed in 2005 by two independent research group, and a low input voltage (0.2–0.8 V) [272]. MEC was first disclosed in 2005 by two independent Rozendal et al. [273] at the Wageningen University and Hong et al. [274] at the Penn State University. research group, Rozendal et al. [273] at the Wageningen University and Hong et al. [274] at the Penn The metabolism of the anode respiring bacteria (ARB) in the biofilm of the electrode produces CO2, State University. The metabolism of the anode respiring bacteria (ARB) in the biofilm of the electrode protons and electrons. Hydrogen is produced by the binding between electrons driven by the applied produces CO2, protons and electrons. Hydrogen is produced by the binding between electrons driven voltage to the cathode through the external circuit, and protons migrated across the membrane (see by the applied voltage to the cathode through the external circuit, and protons migrated across the Figure 9) [275]. The conversion of acetate into hydrogen exceeds 90% and the recovery of electrons membrane (see Figure 9) [275]. The conversion of acetate into hydrogen exceeds 90% and the recovery from acetate ranges between 60% and 78%. This result in an overall maximum yield of 2.9 mol H2/mol of electrons from acetate ranges between 60% and 78%. This result in an overall maximum yield of acetate [274]. If the substrate is acetate, reactions that occur at electrodes are summarized in Equations 2.9 mol H2/mol acetate [274]. If the substrate is acetate, reactions that occur at electrodes are (38) and (39) [276]. summarized in Equations (38) and (39) [276]. − + C2H4O2+2H2O→2CO2+8e +8H 8H+ + 8e− → 4H2 (38) (39)PDF Image | Green Synthetic Fuels
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