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Energies 2020, 13, 420 23 of 96 Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 22 of 95 Figure 9. (a) Operational principle of a microbial electrolysis cell operation. Reproduced with Figure 9. (a) Operational principle of a microbial electrolysis cell operation. Reproduced with permission from [277]. (b) Schematic electrons transfer mechanism: A. transfer through electron permission from [277]. (b) Schematic electrons transfer mechanism: A. transfer through electron shuttling compounds; B. direct transfer via membrane cytochrome proteins; C. direct transfer via shuttling compounds; B. direct transfer via membrane cytochrome proteins; C. direct transfer via conductive pili proteins. Reproduced from [278]. conductive pili proteins. Reproduced from [278]. Exoelectrogens are electroactive microorganisms able to generate electrons through the anaerobic CHO +2HO→2CO +8e +8H (38) respiration from compounds of different environments including sludge, sediments, wastewater, lignocellulosic biomass and acetate [279]. The electron transfer from exoelectrogens to electrode 8H +8e →4H (39) can occur with two different pathways: (i) direct transfer through the outer membrane cytochrome Exoelectrogens are electroactive microorganisms able to generate electrons through the and conductive pili proteins (e.g., Geobacter sulfurreducens, Rhodoferax ferrireducens and Shewanella anaerobic respiration from compounds of different environments including sludge, sediments, putrefaciens), and (ii) the transfer of electrons between the microorganism cells and electrodes via wastewater, lignocellulosic biomass and acetate [279]. The electron transfer from exoelectrogens to electron shuttling compounds in the electrolyte (Escherichia coli, Propionibacterium freunreichii Proteus electrode can occur with two different pathways: (i) direct transfer through the outer membrane vulgaris and Actinobacillus succinogenes) [280,281]. cytochrome and conductive pili proteins (e.g., Geobacter sulfurreducens, Rhodoferax ferrireducens and The bacteria inoculum establishes the biofilm formation, acclimatization and growth. Pure Shewanella putrefaciens), and (ii) the transfer of electrons between the microorganism cells and microbial cultures are very efficient as electrons donor in a simple organic substrate (e.g., acetate), electrodes via electron shuttling compounds in the electrolyte (Escherichia coli, Propionibacterium but in a heterogeneous environment are not as effective as a mixed microbial population [282]. freunreichii Proteus vulgaris and Actinobacillus succinogenes) [280,281]. The co-existence of different bacteria allows them to break down more complex molecules. Wastewater The bacteria inoculum establishes the biofilm formation, acclimatization and growth. Pure is widely used as inoculum since it includes a high concentration of electroactive bacteria, but also microbial cultures are very efficient as electrons donor in a simple organic substrate (e.g., acetate), fermentative bacteria, methanogens and sulphate reducers [283]. The hydrogen yield does not depend but in a heterogeneous environment are not as effective as a mixed microbial population [282]. The on the concentration of electron-donor substrate but is related to the microorganism metabolism rate co-existence of different bacteria allows them to break down more complex molecules. Wastewater (the type of bacteria, substrate utilization, biomass synthesis, respiration, and decay), type of substrate is widely used as inoculum since it includes a high concentration of electroactive bacteria, but also and interface resistance between electrode and electrolyte [284]. fermentative bacteria, methanogens and sulphate reducers [283]. The hydrogen yield does not An efficient anode material is expected to be a good electrical conductor with low resistance and depend on the concentration of electron-donor substrate but is related to the microorganism large active surface, biocompatible for the support of strong microbial attachment and high electron metabolism rate (the type of bacteria, substrate utilization, biomass synthesis, respiration, and decay), transfer, chemically stable and inert, and with adequate mechanical strength and toughness [285]. type of substrate and interface resistance between electrode and electrolyte [284]. Metal-based materials such as stainless steel are suitable for microbial electrolysis application, but An efficient anode material is expected to be a good electrical conductor with low resistance and carbon is broadly used in a different configuration, including graphite plates, rods and felt, carbon fiber, large active surface, biocompatible for the support of strong microbial attachment and high electron paper, foam and cloth [286]. The electrode properties could be improved by modifying the anode surface transfer, chemically stable and inert, and with adequate mechanical strength and toughness [285]. microstructure to increase surface area and porosity or adding conductive compounds, including Metal-based materials such as stainless steel are suitable for microbial electrolysis application, but carbon nanotube (CNT), graphene (GR) and conducting polymers (e.g., PANI, PEDOT) [281,287]. carbon is broadly used in a different configuration, including graphite plates, rods and felt, carbon A metal catalyst (e.g., platinum, nickel, stainless steel) is needed at the cathode to increase fiber, paper, foam and cloth [286]. The electrode properties could be improved by modifying the the biohydrogen production and reduce the required voltage supply [288]. A cost-effective, viable anode surface microstructure to increase surface area and porosity or adding conductive compounds, alternative is the use of microbial biocathode. Indeed, electrotrophic microorganisms are able to accept including carbon nanotube (CNT), graphene (GR) and conducting polymers (e.g., PANI, PEDOT) electrons by reducing protons to H2 [276]. [281,287]. Anion-exchange membranes (AEM), proton-exchange membrane (PEM) or nanofiber-reinforced A metal catalyst (e.g., platinum, nickel, stainless steel) is needed at the cathode to increase the composite proton-exchange membrane (NFR-PEM) are typically used in a two-chambered reactor [289]. biohydrogen production and reduce the required voltage supply [288]. A cost-effective, viable Membranes physically divide the anode and the cathode vessels of the reactor, avoiding mass transport, alternative is the use of microbial biocathode. Indeed, electrotrophic microorganisms are able to short circuit and hydrogen consumption. Indeed, a membrane is crucial for the production of pure accept electrons by reducing protons to H2 [276].PDF Image | Green Synthetic Fuels
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