PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 030
Energies 2020, 13, 420 30 of 96 for HER and noble metal oxides (e.g., IrO2 [373,374], RuO2 [374,375]) are used for water oxidation reactions [376]. However, due to the high cost and rarity of noble metals, researchers focus on noble Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 29 of 95 metal-free cocatalyst, including cobalt [370,377–379] and nickel-based compounds [380–384]. Multijunction integration in a stacked solar cell increases the harvesting of light irradiation in a Multijunction integration in a stacked solar cell increases the harvesting of light irradiation in a wide solar spectrum. Two or more cells are stacked together in a series-connected string. Solar beams wide solar spectrum. Two or more cells are stacked together in a series-connected string. Solar beams radiate the high-bandgap top cell and are partially absorbed, and photoconversion occurs. The incident radiate the high-bandgap top cell and are partially absorbed, and photoconversion occurs. The light not converted in the first cell passes through it and reaches the cell with a slightly lower bandgap incident light not converted in the first cell passes through it and reaches the cell with a slightly lower placed below (see Figure 14) [385]. In multijunction photoelectrochemical devices, the photo-potential bandgap placed below (see Figure 14) [385]. In multijunction photoelectrochemical devices, the is increased. Simultaneously, the photo-current is reduced compared with single cells since only photo-potential is increased. Simultaneously, the photo-current is reduced compared with single cells a fraction of the incident solar photons is absorbed but can be tuned by an accurate selection of since only a fraction of the incident solar photons is absorbed but can be tuned by an accurate semiconductor bandgaps [386]. Multijunction photoelectrochemical cells realized with crystalline selection of semiconductor bandgaps [386]. Multijunction photoelectrochemical cells realized with group III–V heterojunctions, reach the highest theoretical efficiency [387] and the record STH efficiency crystalline group III–V heterojunctions, reach the highest theoretical efficiency [387] and the record of 18.3% has been demonstrated by Licht et al. with an AlGaAs/Si RuO2/Pt photocell [388]. STH efficiency of 18.3% has been demonstrated by Licht et al. with an AlGblaAcks/Si RuO2/Ptblack The theoretical maximum efficiency of a single junction cell with a bandgap of 1.59 eV is 30.6% and photocell [388]. The theoretical maximum efficiency of a single junction cell with a bandgap of 1.59 increases to 40.0% for a dual junction device with bandgaps of 0.52 and 1.40 eV. The triple junction eV is 30.6% and increases to 40.0% for a dual junction device with bandgaps of 0.52 and 1.40 eV. The maximum efficiency is 28.3%, remarkably lower than dual junction efficiency [389]. triple junction maximum efficiency is 28.3%, remarkably lower than dual junction efficiency [389]. Figure1144..(a()a)ScShcehmeamtiactirceprrepserensteantitoantiofnaomfualtimjunucltijouncpthiontoeplehcottroeclheecmtroiccahlecmelilcfaolrwcealltefrosrplwittaitnegr. Psphloittoinsg.wPihthotaonesnweritghy alenvenl ehrigyhelrevtheal nhi1g.8herVtharaena1b.s8oerVbeadrebyabGsaoIrnbPe,dwbhyileGtahIonsPe, wihthilentherogsye lwevitehl uenpetrog1y.8levVeplauspstthoro1u.8gheVanpdasrsetahbrsourbgehdabnydthaereboatbtosmorbGeadInbAystjuhnecbtiotnto,wmhGicahIanbAssorjbusnpcthiotno,nwswhiicth ++ eanbesorgrbyshpighhoetronthsawni1th.2enVe.rEglyechtrigohnesrinthtahne 1G.2aIenVP.cEolnedcturoctniosninbtahnedGreadInuPcecoHndtuochtiyodnrboagnedn,raendducheolHes itnothhyedvroaglenc,eabnadnhdoolefsGinaItnhAesvoaxleidncizeebHandO.oAfGtuaInnAelsjouxnicdtizoenHco2Onn.eActtsutnhneetlwjuoncetilolsn,aconndnheoctlsesthine 2 GtwaoInPcellalys,erarnedcomhobliensewinithGealIencPtrolnayseinrGreacIonmAsbijnuenctwiointh;(be)leTcEtrMon(strainsmGaisIsniAonsejluecntcrtoionnm;i(cbro)scToEpMe) c(trroasnss-smecistisoionnofeltehcetrGoanInmPicarnodscGoapIen)Acsrocsesll-seacntdiotnunonfethlejuGncatIinoPn.aRnedpGrinaItendAwscitehllpsearnmdistsuinoneflrojumnc[3ti8o6n]. Reprinted with permission from [386]. Z-scheme mimics the biological photosynthesis in green plants in which solar energy is absorbed, and electrons of two reaction center chlorophyll-protein complex (P680 and P700) in photosystems Z-scheme mimics the biological photosynthesis in green plants in which solar energy is absorbed, (PS II and PS I, respectively) are excited and injected into charge carrier molecules (see Figure 15a). and electrons of two reaction center chlorophyll-protein complex (P680 and P700) in photosystems In photosystem II, water is oxidized, forming oxygen and protons, and the energy generated converts (PS II and PS I, respectively) are excited and injected into charge carrier molecules (see Figure 15a). ADP to ATP. Whereas, in photosystem I, the reaction center is reduced and transfers electrons to In photosystem II, water is oxidized, forming oxygen and protons, and the energy generated converts NADP+moleculethatarereducedtoNADPH.ATPandNADPHareusedforCO fixation[390,391]. ADP to ATP. Whereas, in photosystem I, the reaction center is reduced and tra2nsfers electrons to Th+e z-scheme photoelectrochemical cell was first proposed by Bard et al. [392] in 1979, developing NADP moleculethatarereducedtoNADPH.ATPandNADPHareusedforCO2fixation[390,391]. a two-step water-splitting photoelectrochemical system. Z-scheme is a tandem structured photosystem The z-scheme photoelectrochemical cell was first proposed by Bard et al. [392] in 1979, that consists of two semiconductor photocatalyst with different bandgap and a redox mediator for developing a two-step water-splitting photoelectrochemical system. Z-scheme is a tandem structured charge transfer (see Figure 15c) [376]. On the H -evolution photocatalyst, both hydrogen and oxidative photosystem that consists of two semiconduc2tor photocatalyst with different bandgap and a redox mediator for charge transfer (see Figure 15c) [376]. On the H2-evolution photocatalyst, both hydrogen and oxidative mediators are generated. Electrons of the conduction-band reduce H+ ions, and the holes of the valence band oxidize the redox mediators. On the O2-evolution photocatalyst, the mediator is reduced by photogenerated electrons, and H2O is oxidized by holes of the valence band [393]. Photons are absorbed and converted on a broader energy spectrum. Indeed, the H2-evolutionPDF Image | Green Synthetic Fuels
PDF Search Title:
Green Synthetic FuelsOriginal File Name Searched:
energies-13-00420.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)