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Energies 2020, 13, 420 32 of 96 are still in at the laboratory scale and scale-up research status. The IEA hydrogen project database summarizes all worldwide demonstration plant projects realized since 2000 [409]. Alkaline Electrolysis Alkaline electrolysis plants recorded in the IEA database are almost one hundred—six of these are planned or under construction. The installed capacity of most of the plants is in the range 1–600 kWel, the capacity of 16 plants is in the range 1–6 MWel and three planned projects will have an installed capacity higher than 10 MWel (20 MWel Fredericia project in Denmark [410], 10 MWel Fukushima plant [411] and H2V plant [412] in France with 700 MWel installed capacity). The Elygrid European project started in 2011 and is focused on the production of electricity and hydrogen through the integration of a high-pressure alkaline electrolysis stack coupled with renewable energy sources. The objective was to improve the balance of plant efficiency with a megawatt size electrolysis (from 0.5 to 3.5 MWel) [413]. In Germany, in 2013, numerous projects for the storage of wind energy via renewable fuels production started. For example, within the international research project, STORE&GO launched as part of Horizon2020, in Falkenhagen has been built two plants for the production of hydrogen and methane, with an installed capacity of 2 MW each [414]. Moreover, other European projects are INGRID plant [415] under construction in Italy, BioCat project [416] in Denmark, Demo4Grid [417] in Austria that demonstrates the commercial set-up of a pressurized alkaline electrolysis and the Jupiter 1000 project in France that combines an alkaline and a PEM electrolysis device and a methanation process for the gas injection into the grid [418]. In China, McPhy delivered a 4 MWel hydrogen production electrolyzer coupled with wind energy and combined with a solid-state hydrogen storage unit [419]. Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis Cells PEM electrolysis cells are commercially up to the MW scale. Wide commercial diffusion is currently limited by high investment cost, mostly associated with the cost of membranes and noble metal catalysts, limited production capacity and short lifetime [152]. The continuous technological development is expected to deliver within the next few years to a significant increase in demonstration plants with an installed capacity in the order of megawatts. Worldwide, since 2000 have been installed 68 plants with an installed capacity below 1 MWel and only 16 demonstration projects with the installed capacity above 1 MWel. The Hydrogenics corporation installed two PEM storage facility technologies of 2 MWel (Enbridge P2G) [420] and 2.5 MWel (Markham Energy Storage) [421] in Canada and one plant of 2.5 MWel in the United States (Zero Impact Production) [422]. In China, Guangdong Synergy Hydrogen Power Technology Co., Ltd. installed a 13 MWel electrolysis plant for bus-station hydrogen refuelling [423]. In Germany, since 2015, the worldwide largest power-to-gas plant with PEM electrolysis (6 MWel) has been operating within the project Energiepark Mainz [424]. In 2017, Wind to Gas Energy inaugurated the electrolysis plant with a 5 MWel PEM electrolyzers [425], and the next year it coupled five wind turbines with a total output of 15 MWel with an electrolysis plant that has a capacity of 2.4 MWel [426]. Nowadays, high capacity plants are planned or under construction. The Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU) funds the fabrication in Austria of a demonstration plant with an installed capacity of 6 MWel within the Siemens H2Future project [427] and the Refhyne project that foresees the realization of a plant with a peak capacity of 10 MWel [428]. Finally, in the United Kingdom, the realization of a 100 MWel PEM electrolysis plant is started with the project Centurion that is expected to explore the production, the storage in a salt cavern and the gas grid injection and transmission [429]. Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells Solid oxide electrolyzers are, to date, mostly tested at the laboratory scale. Before commercialization, system components require further development, since the stabilization of materials, new suitable materials and lower operating temperature are needed to avoid degradationPDF Image | Green Synthetic Fuels
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