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gasification agent) and operating conditions [453]. The main steps of the biomass gasification process are outlined in Figure 16 and are: Energies 2020, 13, 420 • 35 of 96 • • • Feedstock pre-treatment Pyrolysis Char gasification Syngas clean up. Fiigurree1166..Reacttiionsequencefforrtthettherrmocchemiiccallcconveerrssiionooffbbiioomaasss.. 4.1. Feedstock Pre-Treatment Feedstock pre-treatment is a fundamental step of the biomass gasification process. The main issues are: Drying: the typical moisture content of cut wood is in the range from 30 to 60 wt%, and this constitutes a loss of energy and a decrease in gasification temperature. Every kilogram of water needs 2260 kJ of unrecovered energy to vaporize it [454]. The withdrawal of the extrinsic moisture content is a concern, especially for energy applications. Biomass is treated with a preheating process to erase the surface moisture content, while the intrinsic moisture content that ranges from 10% to 20% cannot be easily removed [455]. Svoboda et al. [456] investigate several technological solutions for biomass drying for the minimization of the emission of organic compounds. Particle size reduction: the size of biomass feedstock affects the gas composition of pyrolysis and gasification processes. When biomass particle size decreased the gas quality, the gas yield, the carbon conversion efficiency and thus, the fuel heating value is enhanced [457,458]. Lv et al. [459] investigate the characteristic of biomass gasification. Results disclose that the larger surface area of smaller particles improves the heating rate producing more light gases (CH4, CO, C2H4) and less char and condensate. The possible explanation of this result is that for small particle, the pyrolysis process is regulated by the reaction kinetics. When the particle size increases the primary mechanism that controls the process is gas diffusion. Fractionation and leaching: inorganic constituents of the feedstock (K, Na, Cl, S, Ca, Si, P) during thermochemical reactions produce ash particles. Fly ash particles may deposit on heat transfer surfaces or react with inert materials in the gasification reactors resulting in problems such as slagging, fouling, sintering and agglomeration [460]. Fractionation split the biomass material into two different fractions: a “coarse” fraction with an average particle size above 1 mm and a “meal” fraction with an average particle size below 1 mm [461]. Leaching is a treatment with tap water to remove water-soluble inorganic constituents (mainly alkali metals and chlorine) [462]. Arvelakis et al. [461–464] proposed numerous studies performed in laboratory-scale gasifier on the effect of leaching and fractionation pre-treatment techniques. Results show that fractionation removes a large number of ash-forming elements but deteriorates the quality of the remaining ash, increasing of agglomeration problems. On the contrary, leaching removes a large number of inorganic compounds and improves the ash quality avoiding agglomeration deposition problems. Torrefaction: is a slow thermal pre-treatment of biomass carried out in an inert atmosphere (commonly nitrogen) in a low-temperature range of 200–300 ◦C and at near atmospheric pressure. This route enhances the energy density, reduces the atomic O/C and H/C ratios and moisture content, reduces the hygroscopic nature of biomass and improve reactivity and grindability homogenizing biomass properties [465]. The thermal treatment involves the decomposition of hemicellulose, the partial depolymerization of lignin and cellulose supporting the partial devolatilization of biomass but preserving the initial energy content [466]. Densification: the volumetric energy density typically is in the range from 80 to 100 kg/m3 for agricultural straws and grasses and from 150 to 200 kg/m3 for wood chips and sawdust [467]. Biomass densification increases the initial volumetric energy density to 700–1200 kg/m3 by mechanicallyPDF Image | Green Synthetic Fuels
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