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Energies 2020, 13, 420 39 of 96 CH4 + 12 O2 → CO + 2H2 −36 kJ/mol CH4 partial oxidation reaction CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O −803 kJ/mol CH4 oxidation reaction H 2 + 12 O 2 → H 2 O −242kJ/mol H2 oxidation reaction (52) (53) (54) In the reduction zone, high-temperature chemical reactions between the char and the reducing atmosphere take place and CO, H2 and CH4 are produced. C+CO2 →2CO +172kJ/mol Boudouard reaction C + H2O → CO + H2 +131kJ/mol Water–gas reaction C+2H2 →CH4 −75kJ/mol Hydrogasification reaction (55) (56) (57) Other reactions between intermediate gaseous products are involved in the gasification process resulting in the production of CO, CO2, H2, CH4 and water vapor. CO + H2O → CO2 + H2 −41 kJ/mol Water–gas shift reaction 2CO + 2H2 → CH4 + CO2 −247 kJ/mol Methanation reaction CO + 3H2 → CH4 + H2O −206 kJ/mol Methanation reaction CO2 + 4H2 → CH4 + 2H2O −165 kJ/mol Methanation reaction CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2 +206 kJ/mol Steam reforming reaction (58) (59) (60) (61) (62) A small quantity of NH2, SH2 and HCl are also obtained and are removed during the gas cleaning process [513]. H2 + S → H2S −20 kJ/mol Hydrogen sulfide formation reaction 12 N2 + 23 H2 → NH3 −46 kJ/mol Ammonia formation reaction H2 + 2Cl → 2HCl −92 kJ/mol Hydrochloric acid formation reaction (63) (64) (65) The equivalence ratio (ER) is defined as the ratio of the amount of oxidizing agent supplied into the gasifier to the stoichiometric value required for complete combustion on a dry ash-free basis. It affects the performance and the product yield of the gasification process [514]. The increase in equivalence ratio enhances the combustion reaction (exothermic) releasing extra heat. Therefore, the operating temperature increases and the total energy conversion of biomass decreases with the consequent reduction of the heating value. The H2 content decreases, CO content grows for ER upPDF Image | Green Synthetic Fuels
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