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fluidization velocity (3.5–5.5 m/s) [454,521,526]. Dual fluidized-bed reactors have two separate beds in which combustion and gasification are separated. The feedstock is fed to the gasifier bed fluidized with the stream. The second bed behave as char combustor [527]. Entrained-flow gasifiers are not suitable for biomass because the feedstock requires to be very Efnienregieasn20d20f,o1r3,f4ib20rous biomass is difficult, and ash require to be molten [46]. Entrained-flow ga4s1iofife9r6s operate at high temperature and pressure and water slurry, or dry feeds can be used [528,529]. FFiigguurree1188. . Design of diiffffeerreentt ggaassifiifcicaattiioon rreeaacctotorrss:: (a) fifixed--bed updrrafftt ggaassiififieerr;; ((b)) fifxixeedd--bbeed ddoowndrraaffttggaassiififeierr. .Reeprriintteedwiitthppeerrmisissiionffrroom[4[466].].((cc))flfuluididizizeedd--bbeedggaassifiifeier.r.RReepprrinintteedwitithh ppeerrmisissioionnfrforom[5[53300].]. 4.4. Syngas Clean Up 4.4. Syngas Clean Up In the resultant syngas, there are traces of undesired compounds including ash, alkali, acid gas, In the resultant syngas, there are traces of undesired compounds including ash, alkali, acid gas, inorganic components, carbon dioxide and tar. Tar is a critical product of pyrolysis formed through inorganic components, carbon dioxide and tar. Tar is a critical product of pyrolysis formed through condensation of gaseous pyrolysis products, including single or multiple ring aromatic compounds condensation of gaseous pyrolysis products, including single or multiple ring aromatic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs). Evans and Milne [531] classify tar into four classes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs). Evans and Milne [531] classify tar into four classes according to their molecular beam: according to their molecular beam: • Primary products: cellulose-derived products (levoglucosan, furfurals, hydroxy-acetaldehyde), • Primary products: cellulose-derived products (levoglucosan, furfurals, hydroxy- hemicellulose-derived products and lignin-derived methoxyphenols; acetaldehyde), hemicellulose-derived products and lignin-derived methoxyphenols; • Secondary products: phenolics and olefins; • Secondary products: phenolics and olefins; • Tertiaryp•roduTcetrst:iamryetphryodludcetrsi:vmatetsh,ytolldueerniveaatensd,tionldueenee;andindene; • Condensed tertiary products: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (benzene, naphthalene, pyrene, anthracene, acenaphthylene). The project report coordinated by SDE agency [532] classify tar in five groups: (i) tar compounds that are not detectable with a gas chromatographic analysis, (ii) heterocyclic compounds (phenol, pyridine), (iii) aromatic compounds(xylene, styrene, toluene), (iv) light polyaromatic hydrocarbons (2–3 ring PAHs) and (v) heavy polyaromatic hydrocarbons (4–7 ring PAHs). The three main tar removal methods are: scrubbing with an organic liquid, catalyst and high temperature cracking [533]. Primary methods limit the tar formation or convert tar in the gasification reactor via the regulation of operational conditions and employment of catalyst and additive. High temperature influences the stability of tar, reducing the tar generation yield and increasing the yield of gaseous products [534]. The regulation of operational conditions includes the increase in residence time and equivalence ratio, the direct contact with a heated surface and the partial oxidation by adding a gasification agent. Tar cracking reactions are kinetically limited and involve high temperatures, but this increases ash agglomeration and consequently corrosion and sintering on fluidized bed gasifiers [44]. The catalyst may be used in the gasification process to remove tar from gaseous products and to reduce the methane content if the main desire is to improve the syngas yield (methane reforming). Numerous catalysts have been studied including the Ni-based catalyst, metal oxide, alkaline earth metal oxides, olivine, dolomite and char [535–537]. Catalyst can be placed in the gasifier or a secondary reactor to avoid deactivation via carbon deposition, fouling and sintering. They should be easily regenerated, durable and inexpensive [538]. Plasma method removes CH4, SO2, NOx and tar. Plasma method can be usedPDF Image | Green Synthetic Fuels
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