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residuals from forest and agricultural industries. The outputs are cellulosic ethanol (375 t/y), methanol (475 m3/y) and SNG for the transportation sector [545]. In the Netherlands, the MILENA gasifier, developed by ECN, has produced clean syngas (200 m3/h) since 2009 from wood and waste in a pilot plant. Nowadays, ECN with the partnership of Gasunie and Royal Dahlman has planned the realization of a demonstration plant for the generation of SNG (300 MW) [546]. In the United Energies 2020, 13, 420 43 of 96 Kingdom, Go Green Fuels Ltd. In partnership with Cadent, Advanced Plasma Power and Progressive Energy and Carbotech is developing a new first-of-a-kind commercial demonstration facility that is is developing a new first-of-a-kind commercial demonstration facility that is scheduled to start up scheduled to start up in 2019. The aim of this project is the conversion of refuse-derived fuel and in 2019. The aim of this project is the conversion of refuse-derived fuel and biomass feedstock into biomass feedstock into SNG (1500 t/y) for gas grid injection through a fluidized bed gasifier and a SNG (1500 t/y) for gas grid injection through a fluidized bed gasifier and a plasma converter for tar plasma converter for tar removal [547]. removal [547]. In Denmark, the Viking demonstration plant was installed at DTU in 2002. The plant is realized In Denmark, the Viking demonstration plant was installed at DTU in 2002. The plant is realized with a two-stage gasification process fed with wood chips (see Figure 19). The thermal input is 75 with a two-stage gasification process fed with wood chips (see Figure 19). The thermal input is 75 kW, kW, and the overall efficiency from biomass to electricity is approximately 25%. In the two-step and the overall efficiency from biomass to electricity is approximately 25%. In the two-step gasification gasification process, the pyrolysis and char gasification processes are carried out in two separated process, the pyrolysis and char gasification processes are carried out in two separated reactors. reactors. Between the reactors, the preheated air partially oxidizes the pyrolysis products. The partial Between the reactors, the preheated air partially oxidizes the pyrolysis products. The partial oxidation oxidation increases the operating temperature reducing the amount of tar that are decomposed increases the operating temperature reducing the amount of tar that are decomposed [548,549]. [548,549]. Figure 19. Schematic representation of the two-step Viking gasifier. Reprinted with permission from Figure 19. Schematic representation of the two-step Viking gasifier. Reprinted with permission The catalytic methanation is an exothermic process that converts carbon oxides and hydrogen into methane and water through hydrogenation [551]. The methanation reaction was discovered by Sabatier and Senderens in 1902, using a nickel-based catalyst and was further researched in the 1970s during the oil crisis [552,553]. Commonly, catalytic methanation is adopted to improve the quality of fuel gas such as the syngas produced by biomass gasification and pyrolysis, the hydrogen generated by power-to-gas technologies, and the biogas derived from anaerobic digestion. Two pathways are available to conduct methanation reaction: (i) CO methanation that converts carbon monoxide and hydrogen (Equation (66)), and (ii) CO2 methanation whose reactants are carbon dioxide and hydrogen (Equation (67)). CO2 methanation is the linear combination between the reverse water–gas shift reaction (Equation (68)) and CO methanation. However, the increasing concentration of CO inhibits the CO2 methanation reaction [554]. [550]. from [550]. 4.6. Catalytic Methanation CO + 3H2 → CH4 + H2O −206 kJ/mol CO methanation reaction (66)PDF Image | Green Synthetic Fuels
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