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Energies 2020, 13, 420 55 of 96 suitable for the transport sector since they operate with a slow start up and suffer thermal cycles [686]. However, the main advantage is fuel flexibility. Indeed, HTFC can operate with hydrocarbons, but fuels are typically reformed in an external unit to avoid coke formation [687]. Hydrogen sulfides and halogens are adsorbed on Ni/YSZ active surface inhibiting the catalytic reactions [688]. H2S and HCl are removed by adsorption in materials, such as activated carbon, metal oxides (ZnO, MnO, CuO), silica gel and zeolites [689], or chemical absorption in water [690]. The hydrogen sulfide solubility is improved by alkaline compounds or by H2S catalytic oxidation [690]. Furthermore, siloxanes are dangerous since they decompose to silica that deposits on catalyst surface [691]. Siloxanes are removed by adsorption in activated carbon, silica gel or zeolites, absorption in water or more effective organic solvents such as SelexolTM, that is a blend of polyethylene glycol oEnrerdgiems 2e0t2h0y, 1l3,exthFeOrRs.PEESRiloRxEVanIEeWs are also removed through the cryogenic separation or biol5o3goifc9a5l removal [692]. Moreover, tars promote the carbon deposition and pore-blocking of catalyst materials [693]. Tars Moreover, tars promote the carbon deposition and pore-blocking of catalyst materials [693]. are catalytically removed directly into the gasification reactor of with downstream treatments. Tars are catalytically removed directly into the gasification reactor of with downstream treatments. Catalysts appropriate for tar removal application are calcined rocks, zeolites, iron ores, alkali metals, Catalysts appropriate for tar removal application are calcined rocks, zeolites, iron ores, alkali metals, noble metals and nickel-based materials [694]. noble metals and nickel-based materials [694]. Finally, particulate and ash removal is also required to control alkali metal contamination and Finally, particulate and ash removal is also required to control alkali metal contamination and pore-blocking of the electrodes. Several technologies exist for particles removals such as cyclones, pore-blocking of the electrodes. Several technologies exist for particles removals such as cyclones, electrostatic filters and barrier filters [695]. electrostatic filters and barrier filters [695]. 5.5. Storage Green ssynttheetticicfufueelslsrerperpersesnetnat paropmroimsinisginsgolsuotilountiofonr floarglea-rsgizee-saizned ahnigdhheingehrgeynecargpyaccitaypdacaitly adnadilyseansdonsaelastonragles.toIrnadgee.dI,nsduepeedr,-csaupaecri-tcoarps,aflcyitworhse,eflsywanhdeeblasttaenrdiesbashttoewriesmsahlolwhysdmroagllenhycdaproagcietny acanpdaschitoyrtanddiscshaorgt editsimchea,ragsesthimowe,nasinshFoigwunrein25F.igCuorme 2p5r.eCssoemd pairresstoerdaagier astnodrapguemanpdedphuymdproedsthoyrdagroe astroercaagpeabrlecoafpsatbolreinogf satolrairnggealmaroguenatmoof uelnetcotrfieclietyctbriuctitayrbeulitmarieteldimbiytegdeboygrgaepohgircaaplhciocnalstcroaninstrsaaintds uansudaullsyuuaslleydufsoerdwfeoerkwlyesetkolryagsteo[r6a9g6e,6[9679]6.,6M97o]r.eMovoerre, ogvaesrs,tgoarasgsetoirsargeequisirreedqufoiretdrafnosrptorratnastipoonrtwathioen twhheennatuhreanl gatausrgarligdais gnroitdaivsaniloatbalevainldabtloecanrdrytovechaircrlye vfueehli.cIlnedfueedl.,Itnhdeeleodw, tvhoelulomwetvroicludmenestirtiycodfegnassiteys 5.5.1. Compressed Gas Storage Natural Gas Natural Gas 33 33 tohfagtaise0s.7tâh0a.t9iksg0/.N7âm0.9fokrg/nNatmuraflogransa,tduerpalengdasin,gdeopnecnodminpgosointiocnom,apnodsi0t.i0o8n9,9akngd/N0.m089f9orkgh/yNdmrogfeonr, rheyqdurioregsenh,igrheqpureirsessurheisgohr lporwestseumrepseroartulroews totermedpuecreatuhreesoctcouprieduvcoelutmhee aonccduepcioendomvoilcuamllye staonrde oecrotnraonmspicoarltl.y store or transport. Figure 25. Relationship between discharge time and storage capacity of energy storage technologies. Figure 25. Relationship between discharge time and storage capacity of energy storage technologies. 5.5.1. Compressed Gas Storage Gas can be stored and transported in containers at high pressures. The natural gas vehicle fuel Gas can be stored and transported in containers at high pressures. The natural gas vehicle fuel is typically stored up to 250 bar that corresponds to a volumetric density of 175â225 kg/Nm3 [698]. is typically stored up to 250 bar that corresponds to a volumetric density of 175â225 kg/Nm3 [698]. However, at a pressure above 150 bar, the content of higher hydrocarbons can increase dramatically due to compressor oil carry-over. Therefore, rich gas (i.e., gas with a high hydrocarbon content) is compressed at a pressure below this limit [699]. The energy consumed for compressed natural gas is approximately 40% lower than that required for liquefy the gas. However, the gas compression generates heat thus are required multistage and intercooler that increase the operational andPDF Image | Green Synthetic Fuels
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