PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 058
Energies 2020, 13, 420 58 of 96 Material for hydrogen storage needs a high hydrogen capacity both gravimetric and volumetric, low dissociation temperature and pressure, low heat of formation, reversibility, low energy loss, high stability and fast charge/release rate. Among the suitable materials, light metals such as Li, Be, Na, Mg, B, Al and their complex alloys are referred as interesting for their low weight and high storage capacity [730]. Intermetallic compounds (AB2, A2B, AB, AB5) are also interesting because their properties can be tuned varying the concentration of the two elements [731]. The element A commonly is a rare earth or an alkaline earth metals and establishes a stable bond with hydrogen. The element B is normally a transition metal and establishes an unstable hydride [728]. Moreover, complex metal hydrides such as alanates, amides, imides and borohydrides are viable as solid storage materials for their low weight and high storage capacity [732]. The pressure–composition isotherms describe the thermodynamic behavior of the metal hydride formation (see Figure 26). During the charge phase, at low hydrogen content (low H/M ratio) only the metallic phase (α-phase) exists, and hydrogen is dissolved into the solid structure forming an Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 56 of 95 interstitial solid solution (physisorption). The equilibrium pressure increases with the hydrogen concentration. At higher hydrogen content (H/M > 0.1) the maximum solubility of the gas in the metal is reached. A strong hydrogen-hydrogen interaction occurs (chemisorption), leading to the is reached. A strong hydrogen-hydrogen interaction occurs (chemisorption), leading to the nucleation nucleation and growth of the hydride phase (β-phase). When the solid and the hydride phase coexist and growth of the hydride phase (β-phase). When the solid and the hydride phase coexist a plateau in a plateau in the isotherm is observed. The length of the range in which the two phases coexist the isotherm is observed. The length of the range in which the two phases coexist determines the amount determines the amount of hydrogen that can be stored at the operating temperature. At high of hydrogen that can be stored at the operating temperature. At high hydrogen concentration (H/M hydrogen concentration (H/M > 1) only the hydride phase exists, and hydrogen can be dissolved in > 1) only the hydride phase exists, and hydrogen can be dissolved in the solid structure increasing the solid structure increasing the pressure. The hydrogen desorption is an endothermal reaction that the pressure. The hydrogen desorption is an endothermal reaction that occurs at higher temperatures. Thus, external heat is required [733,734]. Figure 26. Pressure–composition isotherms. Reprinted with permission from [733]. Figure 26. Pressure–composition isotherms. Reprinted with permission from [733]. occurs at higher temperatures. Thus, external heat is required [733,734]. 5.5.4. Underground Gas Storage 5.5.4. Underground Gas Storage The natural gas network is typically connected with underground storage facilities. Underground The natural gas network is typically connected with underground storage facilities. gas storage allows a large amount of natural gas to be stored, providing a solution for short- and Underground gas storage allows a large amount of natural gas to be stored, providing a solution for long-term storage requirements. Generally, salt caverns, aquifers or depleted oil and gas fields short- and long-term storage requirements. Generally, salt caverns, aquifers or depleted oil and gas are exploited [735]. A cushion gas that remains in the reservoir is needed as base gas to provide fields are exploited [735]. A cushion gas that remains in the reservoir is needed as base gas to provide the operational capability, while the working gas is the gas that is injected and release during operating the operational capability, while the working gas is the gas that is injected and release during cycles [736]. operating cycles [736]. Natural Gas Natural Gas Salt caverns are deep caverns (300–2000 m of depth) with a volume capacity that ranges between Salt caverns are d3eep caverns (300–2000 m of depth) with a volume capacity that ranges between 5000 and 1,000,000 m , connected with the ground through a well that allows gas injection and 5000 and 1,000,000 m3, connected with the ground through a well that allows gas injection and withdrawal [737]. Salt caverns are characterized by low permeability that ensure the sealing of withdrawal [737]. Salt caverns are characterized by low permeability that ensure the sealing of the the storage, good mechanical properties that endure the pressure fluctuation safely, good solubility in storage, good mechanical properties that endure the pressure fluctuation safely, good solubility in water that enables the shape control of the cavern sides and abundant distribution of caverns with large water that enables the shape control of the cavern sides and abundant distribution of caverns with large storage capacity [738]. Drawbacks are the loss of volume and structural stability due to steady- state and transient creep provoked by constant fluid pressure or rapid pressure change, respectively [739]. The underground gas storage in aquifers is a porous gas reservoir in a low permeable rock filled with water (typically saline) and a caprock to prevent leakages [740]. The storage capacity is affectedPDF Image | Green Synthetic Fuels
PDF Search Title:
Green Synthetic FuelsOriginal File Name Searched:
energies-13-00420.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |