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Energies 2020, 13, 420 62 of 96 7. Conclusions This review provides an overall description of the renewable routes for the conversion of non-fossil feedstocks into gaseous fuels and their supply chains, analyzing not only the production systems but also the alternative pathways for distribution, storage and end uses of the synthetic gas. Hydrogen and synthetic natural gas could play a crucial role in the decarbonization of energy systems. Power-to-gas facilities ensure flexibility to the electric grid that is influenced by the intermittency and fluctuation of renewable energy sources. Indeed, the long-term and high-capacity gas storage allows the shifting of electricity production to balance the surplus and shortage of the electric grid instantaneously. The catalytic processes outlined are characterized by different technical, operational and economic features and represent alternative solutions. The gas supply chain also admits various pathways such as storage for vehicle fueling, transportation in pipelines, utilization in fuel cells and combustors or employment for non-combustion applications. These different applications enable the decarbonization of those sectors that are difficult to electrify, such as high-heat industrial processes and transport sectors. However, more efforts are needed to improve the performance and cost-effectiveness of hydrogen generation devices and clearly understand the effects of hydrogen on the supply chain, since the gas composition of synthetic fuels is a crucial parameter for gas grid injection, storage and end uses. Investigations on safety, material resistance, combustion efficiency and polluting emissions have led to establishing that an admixture of hydrogen and natural gas with a hydrogen concentration up to 10% by volume can be injected into the natural gas grid with no significant problems. However, a validated limit of hydrogen concentration is needed to overcome the inhomogeneities of gas grid injection legislations. Author Contributions: Writing—Original Draft Preparation E.R.; Writing—Review & Editing E.R. and A.L.; Methodology and Visualization F.D.M.; Conceptualization and Supervision A.L. and P.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. IEA. Global Energy & CO2 Status Report; IEA: Paris, France, 2019. 2. International Energy Agency. Technology Roadmap—Hydrogen and Fuel Cells; International Energy Agency: Paris, France, 2015. 3. Cochran, J.; Miller, M.; Zinaman, O.; Milligan, M.; Arent, D.; Palmintier, B.; Malley, M.O.; Mueller, S.; Lannoye, E.; Epri, A.T.; et al. Flexibility in 21st Century Power Systems; National Renewable Energy Lab: Golden, CO, USA, 2014. 4. IEA. The Future of Hydrogen for G20; IEA: Paris, France, 2019. 5. Teter, J.; Feuvre, P.L.; Gorner, M.; Scheffer, S. Tracking Transport. Available online: https://www.iea.org/ reports/tracking-transport-2019 (accessed on 1 December 2019). 6. IEA. Global Trends and Outlook for Hydrogen; IEA: Paris, France, 2017. 7. Hannula, I.; Reiner, D.M. Near-term potential of biofuels, electrofuels, and battery electric vehicles in decarbonizing road transport. Joule 2019, 3, 2390–2402. [CrossRef] 8. Council of the European Union, European Parliament. Directive 2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May 2003 on the Promotion of the Use of Biofuels or Other Renewable Fuels for Transport; Publications Office of the European Union: Brusselsm, Belgium, 2003. 9. European Parliament, Council of the European Union. Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources and Amending and Subsequently Repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC2009; Publications Office of the European Union: Brusselsm, Belgium, 2009.PDF Image | Green Synthetic Fuels
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