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free energy for the formation of water vapor rather than liquid water in their calculations. Both are listed in most thermodynamic tables. A good fuel cell with well-sealed components and a properly functioning electrolyte should exhibit a voltage close to the thermodynamic voltage when it is not producing power (no load). This is also known as the open-circuit voltage. Thus, a fuel cell operating at 25°C with 1 atm of hydrogen at the anode and 1 atm of pure oxygen at the cathode should exhibit a voltage of 1.23 volts with no load. Comparison of the actual open-circuit voltage with the thermodynamic voltage can be used to determine the integrity of the cell. Pinholes in the electrolyte that allow fuel and oxidant to mix, for example, reduce the open-circuit voltage and indicate a problem. The approximate efficiency for a fuel cell stack that is producing electrical power can be calculated by dividing the operating voltage by the thermodynamic voltage. Thus, a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell operating at 0.800 volts under standard conditions has a voltage efficiency of 0.800 V ∕ 1.229 V = 65%. Other Efficiency Calculations Another calculation that often is used to describe fuel cell stack performance is fuel cell stack efficiency, which is calculated as the direct current (DC) electrical output of the fuel cell stack divided by the LHV of the fuel consumed in the stack. This calculation is similar to the global system efficiency calculation, except that parasitic electrical losses due to auxiliary systems are not included in the calculation and the LHV of the fuel used by the stack does not include parasitic fuel use upstream or downstream of the fuel cell. It also is a more difficult calculation to perform because accurate measurements of the amount of fuel consumed by the fuel cell stack are not easy to obtain. Water Electrolysis Water electrolysis is the reverse of the fuel cell reaction. In fact, many fuel cells based on PEM and solid-oxide technology can work both as a fuel cell or a water electrolysis cell, depending on the direction of the electrical current. The equation for the water electrolysis reaction simply is the reverse of the fuel cell equation. H2O(liquid) + 237.2 kJ/mole electricity + 48.6 kJ/mole heat → H2 + 1⁄2 O2 The efficiency calculations, therefore, can be inverted as well. The efficiency of an electrolysis system, for example, can be calculated as the heating value of the hydrogen produced divided by the electrical energy input. Electrical efficiency( HHV ) = HHV of H 2 produced Electricity used or Electrical efficiency(LHV) = LHV of H2 produced Electricity used 5PDF Image | Hydrogen Production: Fundamentals
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