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control systems must be able to communicate with all major elements of the system (e.g., electrolyzers, compressors, power converters, load-transfer switches). As another primary goal of the project, NREL engineers investigated methods to maximize renewable energy use and to optimize energy transfer within the system. Such system- optimization efforts can significantly reduce the cost of renewable hydrogen. In an analysis of the potential improvements to a wind-electrolysis system, project engineers estimated that optimized power electronics would result in a cost improvement of 7%—reducing the cost of hydrogen produced from wind to $5.83/kg from a baseline of $6.25/kg. For reference, DOE has set a target for reducing the cost of central production of hydrogen from wind-based electrolysis to $3.10/kg by 2012. To investigate such optimization opportunities, NREL developed multiple power-electronics configurations that convert varying electricity from a solar PV array and wind turbines into the electricity used by the electrolyzer stacks directly. These power converters have the added benefit of executing maximum power point tracking (MPPT) from the wind turbine or PV array to enable greater energy transfer to the electrolyzer stack. The PV array connected to the electrolyzer stack both with and without an intermediary power converter was tested and analyzed. The PV array was configured to supply different input voltages to a step-down, DC-to-DC (DC/DC) power converter over many days of testing. We found that using the power converter increases the energy delivered to the electrolyzer stack by 10% to 20%, depending on the PV array input voltage to the power converter. The efficiency of the power converter decreased as the input voltage from the PV array increased. The greatest input voltage from the PV array to the power converter still provided the maximum energy capture to the electrolyzer stack. In other words, although this configuration has the greatest difference between the PV voltage and electrolyzer stack voltage (ΔV), it provided the most energy to the stack over a given day. A 10-kW wind turbine was connected to one of the PEM electrolyzer stacks through an MPPT alternating current to direct current (AC/DC) power converter. This configuration represents a non-grid-tied (i.e., stand-alone) configuration closely coupling a wind turbine to the electrolyzer stack. Testing and analysis shows that the AC/DC converter has the ability to both maintain optimal operation of the turbine and deliver power to the electrolyzer stack without a battery link. It eliminates several power electronics conversions inherent in grid-tied electrolyzer config- urations as well as a battery and its associated maintenance. This AC/DC power converter is undergoing upgrades expected to further increase the energy capture from the wind turbine. One of the major tasks going forward is to determine how the findings of the Wind2H2 project can improve performance and reduce the cost of renewable electrolysis production systems. The results of system-optimization efforts, performance measurements, and evaluation data will be used in economic models to better understand how these system improvements can reduce the cost of hydrogen produced via renewable electrolysis. Summary It is important that parties interested in hydrogen technologies standardize methods of evaluating the performance and efficiency of these technologies. A detailed description of the chemical and electrical processes for electrolysis and fuel cells is presented. Important terminology, units of 15PDF Image | Hydrogen Production: Fundamentals
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