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Polymers 2021, 13, x 7 of 14 Polymers 2021, 13, 1258 indicated by red arrows. They indicate the boundary of bias voltage change and are found 7 of 13 in EFM images at the same position. Outside the boundary, the morphology does not show any difference. This result implies that applying a bias voltage has an insignificant (a) (b) Figure 3. Topography of (a) dry and (b) wet membrane. Figure 3. Topography of (a) dry and (b) wet membrane. Figure 4 depicts the EFM phase images of dry and wet Nafion with the bias voltage Figure 4 depicts the EFM phase images of dry and wet Nafion with the bias voltage ranging from –3 V to 3 V in 1 V steps. The colors in the image indicate the phase lag value, ranging from −3 V to 3 V in 1 V steps. The colors in the image indicate the phase lag value, which represents the force gradient. From the image, the color is darker with bias voltage. which represents the force gradient. From the image, the color is darker with bias voltage. When the same bias voltage is maintained, the color is uniform except on the left side of When the same bias voltage is maintained, the color is uniform except on the left side of the image. This indicates that the areas with homogeneous morphological characteristics the image. This indicates that the areas with homogeneous morphological characteristics have similar phase lag values. The color is brighter from bottom to top of both images. It have similar phase lag values. The color is brighter from bottom to top of both images. It indicates that the phase lag value is systematically changing. However, the phase lag in indicates that the phase lag value is systematically changing. However, the phase lag in each colored region does not follow the parabolic shape that is typical of changes to the each colored region does not follow the parabolic shape that is typical of changes to the force gradient due to induced charge, as shown in Figure 2. force gradient due to induced charge, as shown in Figure 2. Figure 5 depicts the line profiles of the dry and wet proton exchange membranes, providing numerical information on the phase shift at each bias voltage. Both images show small changes for a phase shift of ~0.2◦ when the same bias voltage is maintained, and a relatively large phase shift of 1◦ is observed when the bias voltage changes. Both membranes have positive phase shift values between −3 V and 0 V, indicating that the net electrostatic force between the tip and the sample surface is repulsive. In the negative bias voltage configuration, the tip is positively charged, and typically, the force between the tip and the sample surface is attractive, owing to the negatively polarized membrane surface. The result depicts the opposite phenomenon, implying that the sample surface is positively charged. For negative bias voltages, phase lag values are slightly higher for dry membranes than those for wet membranes. The phase shift is negative between 2 V and 3 V, indicating that the force is in the attractive regime. With these bias voltages, both membranes have similar phase lag values.PDF Image | Ionic Domains on a Proton Exchange Membrane Electrostatics
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