Ionic Domains on a Proton Exchange Membrane Electrostatics

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Ionic Domains on a Proton Exchange Membrane Electrostatics ( ionic-domains-proton-exchange-membrane-electrostatics )

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Polymers 2021, 13, 1258 13 of 13 8. Park, H.S.; Kim, Y.J.; Hong, W.H.; Choi, Y.S.; Lee, H.K. Influence of morphology on the transport properties of perfluorosulfonate ionomers/polypyrrole composite membrane. Macromolecules 2005, 38, 2289–2295. [CrossRef] 9. Duvigneau, J.; Schonherr, H.; Vancso, G.J. Nanoscale Thermal AFM of Polymers: Transient Heat Flow Effects. ACS Nano. 2010, 4, 6932–6940. [CrossRef] 10. Sen, S.; Subramanian, S.; Discher, D.E. Indentation and adhesive probing of a cell membrane with AFM: Theoretical model and experiments. Biophys. J. 2005, 89, 3203–3213. [CrossRef] 11. Xie, X.; Kwon, O.; Zhu, D.M.; Van Nguyen, T.; Lin, G.Y. Local probe and conduction distribution of proton exchange membranes. J. Phys. Chem. B 2007, 111, 6134–6140. [CrossRef] 12. Palermo, V.; Palma, M.; Samori, P. Electronic characterization of organic thin films by Kelvin probe force microscopy. Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 145–164. [CrossRef] 13. Dugger, J.W.; Collins, L.; Welbourn, R.J.L.; Skoda, M.W.A.; Balke, N.; Lokitz, B.S.; Browning, J.F. Ion movement in thin Nafion films under an applied electric field. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2018, 113. [CrossRef] 14. Girard, P. Electrostatic force microscopy: Principles and some applications to semiconductors. Nanotechnology 2001, 12, 485–490. [CrossRef] 15. Zhao, J.W.; Uosaki, K. Dielectric properties of organic monolayers directly bonded on silicon probed by current sensing atomic force microscope. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 83, 2034–2036. [CrossRef] 16. Melin, T.; Diesinger, H.; Deresmes, D.; Stievenard, D. Electric force microscopy of individually charged nanoparticles on conductors: An analytical model for quantitative charge imaging. Phys. Rev. B 2004, 69. [CrossRef] 17. Han, B.; Chang, J.X.; Song, W.; Sun, Z.; Yin, C.Q.; Lv, P.H.; Wang, X. Study on Micro Interfacial Charge Motion of Polyethylene Nanocomposite Based on Electrostatic Force Microscope. Polymers 2019, 11, 35. [CrossRef] 18. Deschler, J.; Seiler, J.; Kindersberger, J. Detection of Charges at the Interphase of Polymeric Nanocomposites. IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul. 2017, 24, 1027–1037. [CrossRef] 19. Shen, Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Hai, C.X.; Hu, J.; Zhang, Y. Electrostatic force spectroscopy revealing the degree of reduction of individual graphene oxide sheets. Beilstein. J. Nanotech. 2018, 9, 1146–1155. [CrossRef] 20. Wang, P.; Olbricht, W.L. PEDOT/Nafion composite thin films supported on Pt electrodes: Facile fabrication and electrochemical activities. Chem. Eng. J. 2010, 160, 383–390. [CrossRef] 21. Wang, Z.B.; Tang, H.L.; Li, J.R.; Jin, A.P.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, H.J.; Pan, M. Balancing dimensional stability and performance of proton exchange membrane using hydrophilic nanofibers as the supports. Int. J. Hydrogen. Energy 2013, 38, 4725–4733. [CrossRef] 22. Barnes, A.M.; Buratto, S.K. Imaging Channel Connectivity in Nafion Using Electrostatic Force Microscopy. J. Phys. Chem. B 2018, 122, 1289–1295. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 23. Barnes, A.M.; Du, Y.F.; Liu, B.; Zhang, W.X.; Seifert, S.; Coughlin, E.B.; Buratto, S.K. Effect of Surface Alignment on Connectivity in Phosphonium-Containing Diblock Copolymer Anion-Exchange Membranes. J. Phys. Chem. C 2019, 123, 30819–30826. [CrossRef] 24. Lilliu, S.; Maragliano, C.; Hampton, M.; Elliott, M.; Stefancich, M.; Chiesa, M.; Dahlem, M.S.; Macdonald, J.E. EFM data mapped into 2D images of tip-sample contact potential difference and capacitance second derivative. Sci. Rep. 2013, 3. [CrossRef] 25. Griffiths, D.J. Introduction to Electrodynamics. Am. J. Phys. 2005, 73, 574. [CrossRef] 26. Flater, E.E.; Zacharakis-Jutz, G.E.; Dumba, B.G.; White, I.A.; Clifford, C.A. Towards easy and reliable AFM tip shape determination using blind tip reconstruction. Ultramicroscopy 2014, 146, 130–143. [CrossRef] 27. Son, B.; Oh, K.; Park, S.; Lee, T.G.; Lee, D.H.; Kwon, O. Study of morphological characteristics on hydrophilicity-enhanced SiO2/Nafion composite membranes by using multimode atomic force microscopy. Int. J. Energy Res. 2019, 43, 4157–4169. [CrossRef] 28. Kim, A.R.; Vinothkannan, M.; Lee, K.H.; Chu, J.Y.; Ryu, S.K.; Kim, H.G.; Lee, J.Y.; Lee, H.K.; Yoo, D.J. Ameliorated Performance of Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone) Block Copolymers with Increased Hydrophilic Oligomer Ratio in Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Operating at 80% Relative Humidity. Polymers 2020, 12, 1871. [CrossRef]

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