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Just the Basics: Ethanol oxygenate like ethanol, when it is intended for sale in congested urban areas where cars and trucks emit carbon monoxide in unhealthy amounts. The purpose of the regula- tion is to reduce production of this pollutant through better fuel combus- tion, particularly in the wintertime when carbon monoxide levels tend to skyrocket. To learn whether you live in one of these regions of the United States, look for signs on gas pumps that say the gasoline being dispensed is 10% ethanol. Pure ethanol has fewer highly volatile components than gasoline, making it less likely to ignite at low tempera- tures. That means vehicles using pure ethanol tend to be harder to start when their engines are cold, especially in the wintertime. Gasoline mixed with ethanol prevents this problem with E10 and other ethanol blends. Besides E10, ethanol is sold as E85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) for light-duty vehicles and as E95 (95% ethanol and 5% gasoline) for heavy-duty vehicles, such as buses and trucks. What Are Flexible-fuel Vehicles? Although all major foreign and domestic auto manufacturers approve the use of E10 in their standard gaso- line-fueled vehicles, the same cannot be said of E85. Ethanol’s high octane rating necessitates running an engine at a higher compression ratio than would be appropriate for a standard gasoline vehicle. Another concern is corrosiveness. Alcohols are generally more corrosive than gasoline. Vehicles designed for E85 meet these challenges with special lubricants and selected components made from advanced materials. All major U.S. automakers offer cars, vans, and light trucks designed for E85, often at the same prices as their gaso- line counterparts. These are flexible- fuel vehicles that can run on E85, gasoline, or any combination of the two. About one million light-duty E85 vehicles were in service in 2000, mostly in corporate or government fleets. Adopting flexible-fuel vehicles helps fleet owners comply with the Energy Policy Act of 1992. Although E95 is a good fuel for buses and trucks, it cannot be used in stan- dard diesel engines. So tests are under way to determine whether a new ethanol-based fuel can power such heavy-duty vehicles without extensive engine modifications. Called oxygenated diesel or E-diesel (E stands for ethanol), the new fuel contains 15% ethanol, 80% diesel fuel, and 5% of an additive that helps the components stay mixed together. This blend promises to significantly reduce exhaust emissions from heavy- duty vehicles while helping to lessen U.S. dependence on foreign oil. The Future of Ethanol Ethanol producers in the United States generate around 1.5 billion gallons of ethanol each year, most of which is derived from corn. As demand for ethanol increases, other domestic biomass resources, such as agricultural and forestry wastes, municipal solid wastes, industrial wastes, and crops grown solely for energy purposes, will be used to make ethanol. Use of such materials will help reduce our country’s trade deficit and creates jobs. Our agricultural community especially stands to benefit, since making ethanol and other fuels from crops and agricultural residues will provide for new valuable crops and new uses for existing crops and residues. In a few years, it is expected that the automotive industry will start producing vehicles that are propelled by fuel cells instead of internal combustion engines. These revolu- tionary vehicles need to burn hydrogen, which will be produced from other fuels by an onboard device called a fuel reformer. Research sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy has recently led to the devel- opment of the first reformer that can create hydrogen from several different fuels, including ethanol. Developers of this cutting-edge technology say that ethanol produces higher engine efficiencies, fewer emissions, and offers better engine performance than other fuels, even gasoline. A Strong Energy Portfolio for a Strong America Energy efficiency and clean, renewable energy will mean a stronger economy, a cleaner environment, and greater energy independence for America. Working with a wide array of state, community, industry, and university partners, the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy invests in a diverse portfolio of energy technologies. August 2003 Printed on recycled paper For more information, visit www.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels or call 1-800-DOE-3732PDF Image | Just the Basics Ethanol
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